{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:00:35Z","timestamp":1789077635639,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Research Training Fellowship","award":["MR\/P019730\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P019730\/1"]}]},{"name":"MRC Independent Investigator Award","award":["MR\/R023719\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R023719\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Genesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ear drum, or tympanic membrane (TM), is a key component in the intricate relay that transmits air\u2010borne sound to our fluid\u2010filled inner ear. Despite early belief that the mammalian ear drum evolved as a transformation of a reptilian drum, newer fossil data suggests a parallel and independent evolution of this structure in mammals. The term \u201cdrum\u201d belies what is in fact a complex three\u2010dimensional structure formed from multiple embryonic cell lineages. Intriguingly, disease affects the ear drum differently in its different parts, with the superior and posterior parts being much more frequently affected. This suggests a key role for the developmental details of TM formation in its final form and function, both in homeostasis and regeneration. Here we review recent studies in rodent models and humans that are beginning to address large knowledge gaps in TM cell dynamics from a developmental biologist's point of view. We outline the biological and clinical uncertainties that remain, with a view to guiding the indispensable contribution that developmental biology will be able to make to better understanding the TM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.23348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T13:24:58Z","timestamp":1574688298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Developmental aspects of the tympanic membrane: Shedding light on function and disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2262-6042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Mozaffari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology King's College London, Guy's Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology King's College London, Guy's Hospital  London UK"},{"name":"ENT Department Guy's Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8871-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail S.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology King's College London, Guy's Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3182942d11"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100062800"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.167965"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12344"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2014.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13232"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.029983"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002060"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00709373"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"1689","article-title":"A hierarchy of migratory keratinocytes maintains the tympanic membrane","volume":"53","author":"Frumm S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bio Rxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1645908"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.149765"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ABME.0000030260.22737.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-974-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"COUP\u2010TFII is required for morphogenesis of the neural crest\u2010derived tympanic ring","volume":"7","author":"Hsu W.\u2010H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.130.8.913"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)31365-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25261"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489009125162"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","volume-title":"Essentials of stem cell biology (2nd ed., p. 650)","author":"Jones D. 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