{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T15:31:03Z","timestamp":1785684663930,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]],"date-time":"2015-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellows","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The purpose of this cross\u2010sectional study was to examine the cognitive abilities that predict reading and spelling performance in Korean children in Grades 1 to 4, depending on expertise and reading experience. As a result, visual cognition, phonological awareness, naming speed and receptive vocabulary significantly predicted reading accuracy in children in Grades 1 and 2, whereas visual cognition, phonological awareness and rapid naming speed did not predict reading accuracy in children in higher grades. For reading, fluency, phonological awareness, rapid naming speed and receptive vocabulary were crucial abilities in children in Grades 1 to 3, whereas phonological awareness was not a significant predictor in children in Grade 4. In spelling, reading ability and receptive vocabulary were the most important abilities for accurate Hangul spelling. The results suggested that the degree of cognitive abilities required for reading and spelling changed depending on expertise and reading experience. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Messages<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Phonological awareness and visual cognition were important for Hangul reading.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Receptive vocabulary was important in both Hangul reading and spelling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Cognitive abilities are required for literacy changed during reading development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]],"date-time":"2015-05-21T15:47:53Z","timestamp":1432223273000},"page":"235-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cognitive Abilities Underlying Reading Accuracy, Fluency and Spelling Acquisition in Korean Hangul Learners from Grades 1 to 4: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hyun\u2010Rin","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju University  Gwangju Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Uno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-005-6140-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0901_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-007-9072-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.439"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Choi E. H.(2000).A study of vocabulary development of Korean children(Master's thesis). Seoul National University: Seoul Korea."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The acquisition of reading fluency in an orthographically transparent language (Italian): An eye movement longitudinal study","volume":"16","author":"Luca M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Medical Science Monitor"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.1995.tb00077.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Surface dyslexia","author":"Frith U.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2010.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr1002_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.100.3.566"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-010-9271-x"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"1173","article-title":"Phonological skills and learning to read","volume":"32","author":"Goswami U.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747684"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5112\/jjlp.52.263"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)00641-W"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.80.4.437","article-title":"Learning to read and write: A longitudinal study of 54 children from first through fourth grade","volume":"80","author":"Juel C.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5112\/jjlp.45.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.6.949"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716499002076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-006-9013-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:READ.0000013804.76677.a9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2004.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-008-9131-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2010.06.003","article-title":"Considering linguistic and orthographic features in early literacy acquisition: Evidence from Korean","volume":"36","author":"Kim Y. S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume-title":"Receptive and express vocabulary test","author":"Kim Y. T.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.3.453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(97)00005-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.12.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1996.2365","article-title":"Segmentation, not rhyming, predicts early progress in learning to read","volume":"65","author":"Muter V.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.40.5.665"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.32.2.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06157.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2005.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.3.554"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03173197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5112\/jjlp.51.235"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1443"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0801_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","volume-title":"Coloured progressive matrices","author":"Raven J.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430701344306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.2.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"Seo J. H. &Kim J. P.(1999).Lexical analysis studies on primary school textbooks of Korea. Retrieved April 11 2009 from The Korean Ministry of Culture Sports and Tourism Web\u3000site:http:\/\/plaza.snu.ac.kr\/~minhs\/wb\/board.php?bid=minhsf\u3000ree07&o=h&ot=d&sk=read&no= 3."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.4.584"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1997.2422"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","volume-title":"Compendium of neuropsychological tests, administration, norms, and commentary","author":"Strauss E.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(03)00105-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Cognitive processing of Chinese and Related Asian Languages","author":"Taylor I.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","volume-title":"Literature on early literacy instruction in four languages (Chinese, Korean, Navajo, Russian), National Center on Educational Outcomes (NCEO) 21","author":"Thurlow M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06175.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The simple view of reading redux: Vocabulary knowledge and the independent components hypothesis","volume":"31","author":"Tunmer W. E.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5112\/jjlp.46.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-008-9128-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2008.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400010122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(92)90099-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.415"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(99)00016-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2005.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610363406"}],"container-title":["Dyslexia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdys.1500","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dys.1500","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T10:00:21Z","timestamp":1694512821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dys.1500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dys.1500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dys.1500","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-9242","1099-0909"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-9242","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0909","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]]}}}