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Three hundred eight Slovak and Czech children were recruited into three groups: family risk of dyslexia, speech\/language difficulties and controls, and were assessed three times from kindergarten until Grade 1. There was a twofold increase in probability of reading problems in each risk group. Precursors of \u2018dyslexia\u2019 included difficulties in oral language and code\u2010related skills (phoneme awareness, letter\u2010knowledge and rapid automatized naming); poor performance in phonological memory and vocabulary was observed in both affected and unaffected high\u2010risk peers. A two\u2010group latent variable path model shows that early language skills predict code\u2010related skills, which in turn predict literacy skills. Findings suggest that dyslexia in Slavic languages has its origins in early language deficits, and children who succumb to reading problems show impaired code\u2010related skills before the onset of formal reading instruction. 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