{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T13:43:14Z","timestamp":1785678194070,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006473","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnolog\u00eda y Telecomunicaciones","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["103\u20102420\u2010H\u2010003\u2010008\u2010MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["103\u20102420\u2010H\u2010003\u2010008\u2010MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006473","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The analysis of spatial relations among components of a character is important in identifying visual word forms. We investigated such spatial configuration processing for Chinese characters in dyslexic children (aged 9\u201312\u00a0years) and two groups of typically developing children, matched according to chronological age or reading level. In this study, we used real characters and noncharacters to manipulate the spatial configuration between character components while preserving their local features. Both characters were displayed either in an upright or inverted position. Participants were asked to quickly determine whether the two presented stimuli were identical. A significant interaction between character type and character orientation showed children's matching performance was better in upright real characters than in the inverted version, but such effect was absent in noncharacters. This indicated that regardless of reading skills, children developed the ability to use local configuration information to visually identify words. Dyslexic children performed poorly in both real\u2010character and noncharacter conditions. Furthermore, compared with control groups, dyslexic children performed worse in real\u2010character conditions, which were close to the noncharacter performance of other groups. This reflected an impairment of global visual word\u2010form processing (i.e., spatial configuration between components) in dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T11:06:13Z","timestamp":1538478373000},"page":"391-400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spatial configuration processing in visual word form perception and reading abilities in Chinese"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1430-9936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien\u2010Hui","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiao\u2010Lan Sharon","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education National Taiwan Normal University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3848-0180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien\u2010Chung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus(1998).(Version 3) [CDROM] from Academia Sinica."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2010.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"WISC\u2010III: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","author":"Chen H. 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