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Among individuals with childhood RD, more than half had improved in their reading fluency to the level where the set criterion for adult\u2010age RD was not met anymore. More fluent rapid naming, less severe childhood RD, and multiple support providers in childhood together predicted improvement of reading fluency. More fluent naming differentiated the childhood RD participants whose reading fluency had improved by adult\u2010age from those participants whose RD persisted to adult\u2010age. All the individuals with childhood RD performed weaker than the controls in adult\u2010age working memory, processing speed, and verbal skills. Educational level among both RD groups was lower than that among the controls. Unemployment of individuals with persistent adult\u2010age RD (31.6%) was higher than that of individuals with improved adult\u2010age RD (13.8%) or that of the controls (8.1%). According to our findings, rapid naming is one evident factor differentiating individuals with persisted RD from those with ameliorated reading fluency. Also, better adult\u2010age reading fluency has significance for adult\u2010age employment among individuals with childhood RD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T04:54:18Z","timestamp":1544676858000},"page":"20-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Resolving reading disability\u2014Childhood predictors and adult\u2010age outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5781-4994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna\u2010Kaija","family":"Eloranta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Niilo M\u00e4ki Institute  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vesa M.","family":"N\u00e4rhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Niilo M\u00e4ki Institute  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Department of Education University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"Eklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timo P.S.","family":"Ahonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Niilo M\u00e4ki Institute  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuija I.","family":"Aro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Niilo M\u00e4ki Institute  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Nopean Sarjallisen Nime\u00e4misen Testi [The Test of Rapid Serial Naming]","author":"Ahonen T.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219415620569"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716403000316"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267658317709852"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1511325"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2015.1008984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12488"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2657557"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194020350060301"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1191-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1557"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(74)80009-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167295213003","article-title":"In the mind of the actor: The structure of adolescents' achievement task value and expectancy\u2010related beliefs","volume":"21","author":"Eccles J. 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