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Here, we conducted a meta\u2010analysis to evaluate the cumulative evidence for group differences in frequency discrimination and to explore the impact of some potential moderator variables that could contribute to variability in effect\u2010size estimations across studies. Our analyses revealed mean effect sizes for group differences on frequency discrimination tasks on the order of three\u2010quarters of a standard deviation, but in the presence of substantial inter\u2010study variability in their magnitude. Moderator variable analyses indicated that factors related both to participant variability on behavioural and cognitive variables associated with the dyslexia phenotype, and to variability in the task design, contributed to differences in the magnitude of effect size across studies. The apparently complex pattern of results was compounded by the lack of concurrent, standardised metrics of cognitive and reading component skills across the constituent studies. Differences on sensory processing tasks are often reported in studies of developmental disorders, but these need to be more carefully interpreted in the context of non\u2010sensory factors, which may explain significant inter\u2010 and intra\u2010group variance in the dependent measure of interest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T00:54:05Z","timestamp":1577408045000},"page":"36-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Auditory frequency discrimination in developmental dyslexia: A meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5610-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Witton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Neuroscience Institute Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katy","family":"Swoboda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Neuroscience Institute Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3276-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura R.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Neuroscience Institute Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7958-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel B.","family":"Talcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Neuroscience Institute Aston University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.12.6832"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s101620010093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf231"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000081282"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.412"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200403220-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026919"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000013871"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(93)90003-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1464"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2006.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199809140-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2503_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb22987.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2010.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290500412545"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-009-9186-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3813-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.12.2373"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2006.00286.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411436213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199908020-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290500538398"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","volume-title":"Frequency Analysis and Periodicity Detection in Hearing","author":"Henning G. 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