{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:42:19Z","timestamp":1789443739885,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Low education and unemployment are common adult\u2010age outcomes associated with childhood RD (c\u2010RD). However, adult\u2010age cognitive and non\u2010cognitive factors associated with different outcomes remain unknown. We studied whether these outcomes are equally common among individuals with c\u2010RD and controls and whether these outcomes are related to adult\u2010age literacy skills or cognitive and non\u2010cognitive factors or their interaction with c\u2010RD. We examined adult participants with c\u2010RD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a048) and their matched controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a037). Low education was more common among c\u2010RD than the controls, whereas long\u2010term unemployment was equally common in both groups. Moreover, adult\u2010age literacy skills, cognitive skills and non\u2010cognitive factors were related to both low education and long\u2010term unemployment. Only a few c\u2010RD\u2010specific associations emerged: c\u2010RD, especially in interaction with low verbal or reading comprehension, was associated with low education, and c\u2010RD in interaction with slow adult\u2010age reading was associated with long\u2010term unemployment. Avoidant coping style, emotional wellbeing and social functioning were related to education, and life\u2010satisfaction to unemployment irrespective of c\u2010RD. Thus, the non\u2010cognitive factors associated with education and employment are similar in individuals with and without c\u2010RD. Special attention should be paid to training c\u2010RD individuals in basic academic, social and emotional skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T01:59:46Z","timestamp":1606355986000},"page":"204-223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cognitive and non\u2010cognitive factors in educational and occupational outcomes\u2014Specific to reading disability?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2146-095X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Kortteinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Attentio Ltd.  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Eklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education and Psychology University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5781-4994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna\u2010Kaija","family":"Eloranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Niilo M\u00e4ki Institute, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuija","family":"Aro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Niilo M\u00e4ki Institute, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Nopean sarjallisen nime\u00e4misen testi [The test of rapid serial naming. Research reports]","author":"Ahonen T.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.318"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716403000316"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219418775118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20271"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005109522457"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2015.1008984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000709905X66233"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1234\u2010988X(199607)6:2\u27e8101::AID\u2010MPR156\u27e93.3.CO;2\u2010E"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2657557"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(74)80009-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037121"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1605"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","volume-title":"Coping inventory for stressful situations","author":"Endler N.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.1.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409345010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940303600307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00478"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5826.00077"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08856257.2015.1125688"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0829573513493982"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1555"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"CORE\u2010OM\u2010mittarin suomalainen validointitutkimus yleisv\u00e4est\u00f6ss\u00e4","volume":"50","author":"Juntunen H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psykologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13676261.2012.678047"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02164.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.100.1.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Does the presence of a learning disability elicit a stigmatization?","volume":"211","author":"Lisle K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19404158.2018.1479975"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02079.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219412458323"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194030360040701"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.10018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1433"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bct152"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","unstructured":"N\u00e4rhi V.(2002).The use of clinical neuropsychological data in learning disability research. University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4. Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Studies in Education Psychology and Social Research. Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland: ER\u2010Paino."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","volume-title":"Reading and writing test for adolescents and adults","author":"Nevala J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","volume-title":"Neuropsychological and achievement tests: Local normative data for Niilo M\u00e4ki Institute\u2014Test battery","author":"Niilo M\u00e4ki Institute","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","volume-title":"Neuropsychological and achievement tests: Local normative data for Niilo M\u00e4ki Institute\u2014Test battery\u2010revised","author":"Niilo M\u00e4ki Institute","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5826.2005.00124.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","volume-title":"Education at a glance: OECD indicators","author":"OECD","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Resilience and stress in children and adolescents with specific learning disability","volume":"25","author":"Panicker A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/sldrp1401_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400876136"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917.31.4.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712603321661859"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.4.584"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414522705"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","first-page":"254","article-title":"Der langfristige Verlauf der Legasthenie \u00fcber die Schulzeit hinaus: Katamnesen aus einer Kinderpsychiatrischen Ambulanz. [Long\u2010term course of developmental dyslexia beyond school age: A follow\u2010up study]","volume":"20","author":"Strehlow U.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kinder\u2010und Jugendpsychiatrie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.386"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0003-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480310001391"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2014.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2014Fourth Edition (WAIS\u2013IV)","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","volume-title":"WASI II: Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2010.06.009"}],"container-title":["Dyslexia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dys.1673","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dys.1673","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dys.1673","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T03:31:53Z","timestamp":1693539113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dys.1673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dys.1673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dys.1673","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-9242","1099-0909"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-9242","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0909","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-07-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}