{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T08:50:33Z","timestamp":1770281433404,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dyslexia is a reading disability that is characterized by when an individual has trouble in rapid and accurate word decoding. This study developed, piloted and assessed the validity and reliability of three instruments: Rapid Automatized Scale (RANS), Arabic Reading Ability Scale (ARAS) and Phonological Awareness Scale (PAS), on a sample of 700 students (aged 8\u20139\u2009years). Four groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a030) were formed based on the participants' results of the three instruments; Double Deficit (DD), Rapid Automatized Naming Deficit (RAND), Phonological Awareness Deficit (PAD) and No Deficit groups. Content validities of the instruments were supported using published reports; though educational experts further revised RANS. It found a significant inverse correlation between the PA test score and RAN (mistakes and time) score (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212.44;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), and a significant positive correlation between RAN mistakes and RAN time (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.47;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Acceptable internal reliability of the RANS was demonstrated by a Cronbach's alpha test coefficient of<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.85 (&gt;.70; acceptable). High inter\u2010rater reliability tests were observed for the three instruments (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2265\u2009.86,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). The three instruments can predict reading difficulties and dyslexia in Arabic\u2010speaking populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T09:57:12Z","timestamp":1617011832000},"page":"436-451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Predicting dyslexia in Arabic\u2010speaking children: Developing instruments and estimating their psychometric indices"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0671-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Gharaibeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Al Ain University Al Ain Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Preschool learning foundations","author":"Abbott D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/ijel.v1n2p64"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-006-9035-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ce.2012.37185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024237415143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"Phonological awareness and reading in monolingual and bilingual Kuwaiti children (Doctoral dissertation)","author":"Al\u2010Sulaihim N.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20143884"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1487"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/271746a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8050087"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12488"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.1.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00124"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Construction of an Arabic reading test for assessment of dyslexic children","volume":"9","author":"El\u2010Ella M. 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