{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:34:29Z","timestamp":1791221669234,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Inconsistencies in the operationalisation of dyslexia in assessment practices are concerning. Variations in different countries' education contexts and education\u2010related legislation could contribute to continuing discrepancies between psychologists' assessment practices. However, an international \u201csnapshot\u201d of these practices is unavailable. An international comparison of psychologists' dyslexia assessment practices could help ascertain whether there are contextual factors that can foster converging practices. Accordingly, this study systematically reviewed the literature to capture how psychologists identify and\/or diagnose dyslexia across English\u2010speaking countries. Quantitative and\/or qualitative studies, published between 2013 and 2021, that investigated psychologists' self\u2010reported methods for assessing, identifying, and\/or diagnosing individuals with dyslexia were included. Eleven studies (published across fourteen papers) met the inclusion criteria. Most included studies sampled school psychologists who work in the USA. Psychologists' dyslexia assessment practices were diverse (including the use of cognitive discrepancy and response\u2010to\u2010intervention methods). The results highlight an international need to develop a consensus operational definition of dyslexia and universal assessment guidelines. Future research might investigate the practices and beliefs of psychologists who work outside of the USA, and to be inclusive of adult populations. Implications for research and training are explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:53:40Z","timestamp":1640048020000},"page":"132-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Methods used by psychologists for identifying dyslexia: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6083-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Sadusky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, School of Educational Psychology and Counselling Monash University Clayton Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5550-807X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily P.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, School of Educational Psychology and Counselling Monash University Clayton Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1447-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea E.","family":"Reupert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, School of Educational Psychology and Counselling Monash University Clayton Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6474-9318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nerelie C.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, School of Educational Psychology and Counselling Monash University Clayton Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17105\/spr-14-0023.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Review of the pattern of strengths and weaknesses approach in specific learning disability identification","volume":"4","author":"Beaujean A. A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Research and Practice in the Schools"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000344"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","volume-title":"Doing a systematic review: A student's guide","author":"Boland A.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732312452938"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","unstructured":"Cottrell J. M.(2015).Specific learning disabilities: Beliefs about the construct identification methods and job satisfaction among practicing school psychologists(UMI No. 3683567) [Doctoral dissertation Utah State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.21892"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40688-015-0076-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.21997"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","unstructured":"Department for Education & Department of Health. (2015).Special educational needs and disability code of practice: 0 to 25\u2009years: Statutory guidance for organisations which work with and support children and young people who have special educational needs or disabilities.https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/send-code-of-practice-0-to-25"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011458"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207594.2013.804189"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394258901","volume-title":"Essentials of WISC\u2010V assessment","author":"Flanagan D. P.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","volume-title":"The identification of specific learning disabilities: A summary of research on best practices","author":"Fletcher J. M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.41.1.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","unstructured":"Veritas HealthInnovation. (2015).Covidence systematic review software.www.covidence.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45166-4_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25474661"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5195\/JMLA.2018.513"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","unstructured":"Lybarger P. A.(2017).An analysis of specific learning disability exclusionary clause(ProQuest No. 10289081) [Doctoral dissertation University of Oregon]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.22179"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40688-016-0094-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","volume-title":"Psychological assessment of adults with specific performance difficulties at work","author":"McLoughlin D.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17161\/fec.v43i6.6910"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","unstructured":"Mesite L. (2020).Distinguishing difficulty from disability: Next steps in improving the identification of reading disabilities in English learners(ProQuest No. 28221078) [Doctoral dissertation Harvard University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jgc.2014.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","unstructured":"Nathan M. 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(2016).The lived experience of school psychologists in assessing for reading difficulties in the aftermath of response to intervention(ProQuest No. 10168211) [Doctoral dissertation Northeastern University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.21678"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0680-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","volume-title":"International classification of diseases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","volume-title":"International classification of diseases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Dyslexia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dys.1706","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dys.1706","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dys.1706","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T18:09:46Z","timestamp":1726337386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dys.1706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dys.1706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dys.1706","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-9242","1099-0909"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-9242","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0909","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}