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Specifically, the eye movements of skilled readers and adult readers with dyslexia were recorded during a boundary paradigm experiment (Rayner, 1975). Parafoveal previews were either identical to the target word (e.g., <jats:italic>nearly<\/jats:italic>), a transposed\u2010letter preview (e.g., <jats:italic>enarly<\/jats:italic>), or a substituted\u2010letter preview (e.g., <jats:italic>acarly<\/jats:italic>). Dyslexic and non\u2010dyslexic readers demonstrated orthographic parafoveal preview benefits during silent sentence reading and both reading groups encoded letter identity and letter position information parafoveally. However, dyslexic adults showed, that very early in lexical processing, during parafoveal preview, the positional information of a word's initial letters were encoded less flexibly compared to during skilled adult reading. We suggest that dyslexic readers are less able to benefit from correct letter identity information (i.e., in the letter transposition previews) due to the lack of direct mapping of orthography to phonology. The current findings demonstrate that dyslexic readers show consistent and dyslexic\u2010specific reading difficulties in foveal and parafoveal processing during silent sentence reading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T04:29:25Z","timestamp":1657600165000},"page":"359-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Parafoveal processing and transposed\u2010letter effects in dyslexic reading"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6502-0676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Kirkby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow  Poole Dorset UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhiannon S.","family":"Barrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow  Poole Dorset UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Drieghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Southampton, University Road  Southampton Hampshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon P.","family":"Liversedge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Computer Science University of Central Lancashire  Preston Lancashire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12643"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229934"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.21.1.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.26.3.439"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.5.874"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.10.1901"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(79)90136-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.31.6.1327"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","volume-title":"Dissertation abstracts international: Section B: The sciences and engineering 62(1\u2010B). 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