{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T01:19:17Z","timestamp":1784510357808,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31371044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31371044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31671155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31671155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnocellular (M) deficit theory indicates that individuals with developmental dyslexia (DD) have low sensitivity to stimuli with high temporal frequencies (HTF) and low spatial frequencies (LSF). However, some studies found that temporal processing and spatial processing were correlated with different reading\u2010related skills. Chinese is a logographic language, and visual skills are particularly important for reading in Chinese. It is necessary to investigate the temporal and spatial processing abilities in the M pathway of Chinese children with DD. Using electrophysiological recordings, the present study examined the mean amplitude and latency of P1 during a grating direction judgment task in 13 children with DD and 13 age\u2010matched normal children. Dyslexic children showed a low amplitude and long latency of P1 in the HTF condition and LSF condition compared with age\u2010matched children. In the HTF condition, the amplitude of P1 correlated with phonological awareness, and the latency of P1 correlated with reading fluency and rapid naming of digits. The amplitude of P1 in the LSF condition correlated with reading accuracy. This result suggested that Chinese children with DD had difficulties in both temporal and spatial processing in the M pathway. However, temporal processing and spatial processing played different roles in Chinese reading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T05:19:46Z","timestamp":1659503986000},"page":"416-430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Spatial and temporal processing difficulties in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia: An ERP study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2652-5812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ze\u2010Long","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences Beijing Forestry University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng\u2010Lian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong\u2010Yan","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.12.6832"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507062103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.05.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.7.1381"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244333"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/271746a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(81)90243-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-010-9227-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-008-0015-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1996.8.5.387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070293"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00075-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.24.13363"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1984.sp015498"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-89949-1.50018-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.10.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Morphological differences in the LGN in dyslexia","author":"Giraldo\u2010Chica M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1580"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(03)00163-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00202-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","volume-title":"The P, M and K streams of the primate visual system: What do they do for vision?","author":"Kaplan E.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-4327(90)90009-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.8.2755"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f5f7ad"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Visual motion\u2010related evoked potentials recorded from primary to cognitive cortex","volume":"30","author":"Kuba M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Cognitive evoked potentials to visual moving stimuli","volume":"30","author":"Kubova Z.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(78)90079-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304083281402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","volume-title":"Combined Raven's matrices test","author":"Li D.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.18.7943"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(82)90105-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7433985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(84)90009-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p160215"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-10-03323.1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm193"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01831.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2011.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024668"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-010-0049-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-018-9876-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-11-03422.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(82)90081-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr1101_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(01)00103-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00692"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.12.006"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Visual evoked potential abnormalities in dyslexic children","volume":"16","author":"Romani A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Functional Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/343068a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.1.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00151-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00044-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN2002_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"The magnocellular theory of visual dyslexia","volume":"41","author":"Stein J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0909(199906)5:2<59::AID-DYS134>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)01005-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00020-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(80)90139-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.435"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(75)90013-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","volume-title":"Chinese character recognition test battery and assessment scale for primary school students","author":"Wang X. L.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00573-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.415"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179712"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07068"}],"container-title":["Dyslexia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dys.1723","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dys.1723","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dys.1723","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T10:18:58Z","timestamp":1692613138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dys.1723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dys.1723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dys.1723","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-9242","1099-0909"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-9242","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0909","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}