{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T18:13:52Z","timestamp":1782324832053,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]],"date-time":"2023-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, we aimed to clarify variation in prospective poor decoders by studying the development of their word decoding skills during the first 1\u00bd\u2009years of formal reading education and their unique pre\u2010reading profiles before the onset of formal reading education. Using structural equation modelling and a factorial mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA), we found autoregression and growth in the word decoding efficiency of prospective poor decoders (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200990) and matched prospective adequate decoders (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200990) in first and second grade. However, the gap between the two groups widened over time. Next, we zoomed in on the group of poor decoders by retrospectively studying their individual variation regarding cognitive and linguistic pre\u2010reading skills. Using latent profile analysis, we found three distinct pre\u2010reading profiles: (1) Poor PA, Letter Knowledge, RAN, and Verbal STM; (2) Poor PA and Letter Knowledge; and (3) Poor RAN. Together, these findings suggest that reading difficulties emerge at the intersection of multiple risk factors which can be detected in kindergarten, and that these reading problems persist throughout early reading education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T05:55:11Z","timestamp":1690782911000},"page":"312-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Understanding variation in prospective poor decoders: A <scp>person\u2010centred<\/scp> approach from kindergarten to Grade 2"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6018-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judi E.","family":"Dams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moniek M. H.","family":"Schaars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane","family":"Segers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elma","family":"Blom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development and Education of Youth in Diverse Societies Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Language and Culture The Arctic University of Norway UiT  Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"SPSS statistics version 22: A practical guide","author":"Allen P.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00968.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2008.01387.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194211037062"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek [Statistics Netherlands](2013 December 12).http:\/\/statline.cbs.nl\/Statweb\/publication\/?DM=SLNL&PA=71822NED&D1=0-1&D2=0&D3=0&D4=04&D5=a&D6=0&D7=l&HDR=T G2 G1 G6 G5 G4&STB=G3&VW=T"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0403_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.1.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics","author":"Field A.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"Data analysis with Mplus","author":"Geiser C.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716421000321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/JEXE.74.3.249-266"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.100.2.252"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940303600303"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acp028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040902748218"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0708-5591.49.2.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1583"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.12350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"DMT en AVI. Groep 3 tot en met 8 [Three\u2010minute\u2010test and analysis of individualization norms. First through sixth grade]","author":"Krom R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.100.1.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2021.1983820"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2018.1510936"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.2006.0029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","volume-title":"Longitudinal structural equation modeling","author":"Little T. D.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.274"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219412458323"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026744"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2008.00550.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","volume-title":"Veilig leren lezen [Learning to read safely]","author":"Mommers C. L.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.22183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000176"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12471"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.97.3.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654313509492"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-013-9449-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02873"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2017.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-017-9735-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","volume-title":"Language at the speed of sight: How we read, why so many can't, and what can be done about it","author":"Seidenberg M.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-010-0047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.21.4.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2004.00233.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","unstructured":"Tijms J. deBree E. H. Bonte M. deJong P. F. Loykens E. &Reij R.(2021).Protocol dyslexie diagnostiek en behandeling \u2013 versie 3.0.https:\/\/www.nkd.nl\/app\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Protocol-Dyslexie-Diagnostiek-en-Behandeling-3.0-versie-1.0.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1533"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1614"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.423"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2012.683222"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949903200507"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108553377.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","volume-title":"Taaltoets allochtone kinderen [Language test for foreign children]","author":"Verhoeven L.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.92.4.668"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.415"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099337"}],"container-title":["Dyslexia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dys.1750","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T03:15:04Z","timestamp":1699413304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dys.1750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dys.1750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dys.1750","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-9242","1099-0909"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-9242","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0909","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}