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In addition, most of the research in this field has been carried out in the English language, and there is little evidence on how these measures behave in other languages. This study focuses on identifying the best procedure for detecting RD in Spanish in older elementary students, comparing the validity, accuracy and goodness of fit of three different universal screening assessment approaches\u2014the Psychometric Assessment Approach, the Curriculum\u2010Based Assessment Approach and the Teacher Detection Approach\u2014using RTI as a criterion to determine the goodness of fit of the different approaches. A total of 154 fifth\u2010year primary students participated in this study. The results reveal that the multivariate inclusion of the evaluation approaches used is the best means of ensuring an efficient, valid assessment when attempting to identify RD among fifth graders. This finding has practical implications for the implementation of the RTI model in the field of RD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T01:49:57Z","timestamp":1696297797000},"page":"330-346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Detecting reading difficulties in Spanish in older elementary students in the context of the Response to Intervention model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Ramos\u2010Carrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda Evolutiva y de la Educaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda University of Seville Sevilla Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0413-5047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Moreno\u2010Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda Evolutiva y de la Educaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda University of Seville Sevilla Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.55414\/f1y87d74","article-title":"Pautas de interacci\u00f3n en el aula y desarrollo cognitivo: Los Patrones de Movilizaci\u00f3n Cognitiva (PMC)","volume":"30","author":"Aguilera\u2010Jim\u00e9nez A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Apuntes de Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440291107700405"},{"volume-title":"DSM 5","year":"2013","author":"American Psychiatric Association","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949903200204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.21592"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.740"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410617019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5231\/psy.writ.2011.1407"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025323"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413498115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-10182012000200003"},{"volume-title":"Stages of reading development","year":"1983","author":"Chall J. 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