{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T22:02:00Z","timestamp":1763071320135,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24DC015544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24DC015544"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS050915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS050915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG062422","R01AG057204","R01AG073244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG062422","R01AG057204","R01AG073244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>People with dyslexia, a neurodevelopmental disorder of reading, are highly attuned to the emotional world. Compared with their typically developing peers, children with dyslexia exhibit greater autonomic nervous system reactivity and facial behaviour to emotion\u2010 and empathy\u2010inducing film clips. Affective symptoms, such as anxiety, are also more common in children with dyslexia than in those without. Here, we investigated whether the startle response, an automatic reaction that lies at the interface of emotion and reflex, is elevated in dyslexia. We measured facial behaviour, electrodermal reactivity (a sympathetic nervous system measure) and emotional experience in response to a 100\u2009ms, 105\u2009dB unanticipated acoustic startle task in 30 children with dyslexia and 20 comparison children without dyslexia (aged 7\u201313) who were matched on age, sex and nonverbal reasoning. Our results indicated that the children with dyslexia had greater total facial behaviour and electrodermal reactivity to the acoustic startle task than the children without dyslexia. Across the sample, greater electrodermal reactivity during the startle predicted greater parent\u2010reported anxiety symptoms. These findings contribute to an emerging picture of heightened emotional reactivity in dyslexia and suggest accentuated sympathetic nervous system reactivity may contribute to the elevated anxiety that is often seen in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T10:07:05Z","timestamp":1720519625000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Elevated unanticipated acoustic startle reactivity in dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2760-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor R.","family":"Palser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina R.","family":"Veziris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel A.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashlin R. K.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Watson\u2010Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Holley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department San Francisco State University  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Gorno\u2010Tempini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginia E.","family":"Sturm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(90)90113-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00853.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7652558"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr1002_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.4.1891"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1593631"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2012.683852"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000709905x66233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00366.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14805-018"},{"volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","year":"1988","author":"Cohen J. E.","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100619850176"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.20-08-03033.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12631"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2286-1_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.02-06-00791.1982"},{"volume-title":"Facial action coding system [E\u2010book]","year":"2002","author":"Ekman P.","key":"e_1_2_8_23_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195179644.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tine.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(97)00020-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662168100500115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018519"},{"volume-title":"The psychology of fear and stress","year":"1998","author":"Gray J. A.","key":"e_1_2_8_30_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198522713.001.0001"},{"volume-title":"Emotional Expressive Behavior (EEB) Coding System","year":"1996","author":"Gross J. J.","key":"e_1_2_8_32_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)90040-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(03)00202-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.6.812"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(96)00466-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-011-0246-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0458-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2006.00382.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411436213"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1680"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.146.1.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000301"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-019-00293-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100223"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-0082(98)00098-7"},{"volume-title":"Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment","year":"2009","author":"Kring A. M.","key":"e_1_2_8_48_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00209-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.15-10-06846.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.97.3.377"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1280.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0072-9752(07)88025-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00229"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2013.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1232-21.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Handbook of Emotions","author":"Matsumoto D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409359939"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2015.1052455"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2021.108203"},{"journal-title":"Awe mediates the relationship between resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia and creativity in children with dyslexia","article-title":"under review","author":"Palser E. R.","key":"e_1_2_8_63_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2021.108203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.782306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-8760(01)00162-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20479"},{"volume-title":"The Behavior assessment system for children","year":"2004","author":"Reynolds C. R.","key":"e_1_2_8_68_1"},{"volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2017","author":"Core Team R","key":"e_1_2_8_69_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099-0909(199912)5:4<227::aid-dys146>3.0.co;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/cabn.4.3.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2009.00217.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp1804_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.105.2.325"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.032502.111311"},{"volume-title":"Woodcock\u2010Johnson IV tests of achievement","year":"2014","author":"Schrank F. A.","key":"e_1_2_8_76_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.25.030163.002553"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.5.2.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948802101003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290600814624"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1997.2375"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038189"},{"volume-title":"Test of word recognition efficiency","year":"2012","author":"Torgesen J. K.","key":"e_1_2_8_87_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neucas\/6.6.450"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579416000353"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(96)05183-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Manual for the Wechsler abbreviated intelligence scale (WASI)","author":"Wechsler D. J. S. A.","year":"1999"},{"volume-title":"Gray oral reading tests","year":"2012","author":"Wiederholt J.","key":"e_1_2_8_92_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/109.3.561"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9509-3_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408326216"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934x(90)90162-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00327"}],"container-title":["Dyslexia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dys.1779","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T23:34:38Z","timestamp":1723505678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dys.1779"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dys.1779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dys.1779","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-9242","1099-0909"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1076-9242"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-0909"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1779"}}