{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:07:44Z","timestamp":1785521264986,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,5]],"date-time":"2002-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1012867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":127,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Orthographic transparency is increasingly being recognised as an important factor in determining the manifestation of dyslexic tendencies in individuals. Recent evidence has shown that normal English\u2010speaking children have reading deficits in the range associated with same age dyslexic German\u2010speaking children for less frequently used words, and English orthography has been identified as a contributing factor. Spencer (<jats:italic>Reading<\/jats:italic> (1999) <jats:bold>33<\/jats:bold>(2), 72\u201377; <jats:italic>Journal of Research in Reading<\/jats:italic> (1999) <jats:bold>22<\/jats:bold>(3), 283\u2013292) has proposed a predictive model for English children's reading and spelling deficits, based on orthographic features. Two main factors have been identified: consistency of sound representation and inclusion of redundant letters in English words. Using new data for reading, a unified model will be discussed which incorporates measures of depth of orthographic transparency and relates these to recent positron emission tomography (PET) research. Implications for the relative frequency and severity of dyslexia in both deep and shallow orthographies is considered in the light of such studies. Copyright \u00a9 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T22:20:15Z","timestamp":1030314015000},"page":"217-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Differential effects of orthographic transparency on dyslexia: word reading difficulty for common English words"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ken","family":"Spencer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207663"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203199916"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Word Frequency Book","author":"Carroll J.B.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026945"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Hanna P.R. Hanna J.S. Hodges R.E.andRudforf E.H.(1966)Phoneme\u2013grapheme correspondences as cues to spelling improvement. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Word Frequencies in British and American English","author":"Hofland K.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(97)00005-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.76.4.557"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/71163"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1057179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Word for Word: the Top 2,000 Words used by 7 and 8\u2010Year\u2010Olds","author":"Reid D.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Writing Systems","author":"Sampson J.","year":"1985"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Predictive models of spelling behaviour in 7\u2010 and 11\u2010year\u2010olds","volume":"24","author":"Spencer K.A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9345.00114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.00091"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0909(200004\/06)6:2<152::AID-DYS158>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9345.00180"}],"container-title":["Dyslexia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdys.207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dys.207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T11:38:34Z","timestamp":1694605114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dys.207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dys.207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dys.207","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-9242","1099-0909"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-9242","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0909","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]}}}