{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T03:27:09Z","timestamp":1781234829488,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,27]],"date-time":"2006-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1161907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study reports the results of a long\u2010term follow\u2010up of an exercise\u2010based approach to dyslexia\u2010related disorders (Reynolds, Nicolson, &amp; Hambly, <jats:italic>Dyslexia<\/jats:italic>, 2003; <jats:bold>9<\/jats:bold>(1): 48\u201371). In the initial study, children at risk of dyslexia were identified in 3 years of a junior school. One half then undertook a 6 month, home\u2010based exercise programme. Evaluation after 6 months indicated that the exercise group improved significantly more than the controls on a range of cognitive and motor skills. Critics had suggested that the improvement might be attributable to artifactual issues including Hawthorne effects; an initial literacy imbalance between the groups; and inclusion of non\u2010dyslexic participants. The present study evaluated the issue of whether the gains were maintained over the following 18 months, and whether they were in some sense artifactual as postulated by critics of the original study. Comparison of (age\u2010adjusted) initial and follow\u2010up performance indicated significant gains in motor skill, speech\/language fluency, phonology, and working memory. Both dyslexic and non\u2010dyslexic low achieving children benefited. There was also a highly significant reduction in the incidence of symptoms of inattention. Interestingly there were no significant changes in speeded tests of reading and spelling, but there was a significant improvement in (age\u2010adjusted) reading (NFER). It is concluded that the gains were indeed long\u2010lasting, and that the alternative hypotheses based on potential artifacts were untenable, and that the exercise treatment therefore achieved its applied purpose. Further research is needed to determine the underlying reasons for the benefits. Possible (and potentially synergistic) explanations include: improved cerebellar function (neural level); improved learning ability and\/or attentional ability (cognitive level); improved self\u2010esteem and self\u2010efficacy (affective level); and improved parental\/familial support (social level). Copyright \u00a9 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,27]],"date-time":"2006-10-27T18:46:21Z","timestamp":1161974781000},"page":"78-96","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Follow\u2010up of an exercise\u2010based treatment for children with reading difficulties"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick I.","family":"Nicolson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Dore W. &Rutherford R.(2001).Closing the gap. Paper presented at the BDA 6th international conference on dyslexia York UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Draper S.(2006). The Hawthorne effect fromhttp:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawthorne_Effect"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.19.3.249"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00733.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-001-0006-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940103400609"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Dyslexia: The pattern of difficulties","author":"Miles T. R.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09541440303609"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Report of the national reading panel: Teaching children to read","author":"NICHD","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(90)90013-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Dyslexia is more than a phonological disability","volume":"1","author":"Nicolson R. I.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dyslexia: An International Journal of Research and Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia, learning and the cerebellum","volume":"69","author":"Nicolson R. I.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission\u2010Supplement"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2006.00486.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1995.0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01896-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.248"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.255"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg076"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.235"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.258"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0803_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260120082164"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.4.561"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.15.3.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.256"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Dyslexia: A cognitive developmental perspective","author":"Snowling M.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.245"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948802101003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.247"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050563"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0030098100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.12.1073"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940103400104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2003.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949903200507"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2003.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005174913412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.415"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.26.3.349"}],"container-title":["Dyslexia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdys.331","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dys.331","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T20:28:05Z","timestamp":1696624085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dys.331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,27]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dys.331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dys.331","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-9242","1099-0909"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-9242","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0909","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,27]]}}}