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These groups came from different language backgrounds in which the language of instruction was Arabic, Chinese, English, Hungarian or Portuguese. Similar measures were used across the groups, with tests being adapted to be appropriate for the language of the children. Findings indicated that measures of decoding and phonological\u2010processing skills were good predictors of word reading and spelling among Arabic\u2010 and English\u2010speaking children, but were less able to predict variability in these same early literacy skills among Chinese\u2010 and Hungarian\u2010speaking children, and were better at predicting variability in Portuguese word reading than spelling. Results were discussed with reference to the relative transparency of the script and issues of dyslexia assessment across languages. Overall, the findings argue for the need to take account of features of the orthography used to represent a language when developing assessment procedures for a particular language and that assessment of word\u2010level literacy skills and a phonological perspective of dyslexia may not be universally applicable across all language contexts. Copyright \u00a9 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,9]],"date-time":"2010-07-09T10:22:23Z","timestamp":1278670943000},"page":"170-187","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Predictors of word\u2010level literacy amongst Grade 3 children in five diverse languages"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Smythe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Everatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasser","family":"Al\u2010Menaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianyou","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Capellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Gyarmathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda S.","family":"Siegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Beginning to read","author":"Adams M. 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