{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T21:55:23Z","timestamp":1761947723491},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]],"date-time":"2011-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1311638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Among the cognitive causes of dyslexia, phonological and magnocellular deficits have attracted a substantial amount of research. Their role and their exact impact on reading ability are still a matter of debate, partly also because large samples of dyslexics are hard to recruit. Here, we report a new technique to simulate dyslexic symptoms in normal readers in two ways. Although difficulties in grapheme\u2010to\u2010phoneme conversion were elicited by manipulating the identifiability of written letters, visual\u2010magnocellular processing deficits were generated by presenting letters moving dynamically on the screen. Both factors were embedded into a lexical word\u2013pseudoword decision task with proficient German readers. Although both experimental variations systematically increased lexical decision times, they did not interact. Subjects successfully performed word\u2013pseudoword distinctions at all levels of simulation, with consistently longer reaction times for pseudowords than for words. Interestingly, detecting a pseudoword was more difficult in the grapheme\u2010to\u2010phoneme conversion simulation as indicated by a significant interaction of word type and letter shape. These behavioural effects are consistent with those observed in \u2018real\u2019 dyslexics in the literature. The paradigm is thus a potential means of generating novel hypotheses about dyslexia, which can easily be tested with normal readers before screening and recruiting real dyslexics. Copyright \u00a9 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]],"date-time":"2011-07-26T16:59:55Z","timestamp":1311699595000},"page":"268-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Eliciting Dyslexic Symptoms in Proficient Readers by Simulating Deficits in Grapheme\u2010to\u2010Phoneme Conversion and Visuo\u2010Magnocellular Processing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Tholen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre J\u00fclich Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM\u20101 and INM\u20103) J\u00fclich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Weidner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre J\u00fclich Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM\u20101 and INM\u20103) J\u00fclich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Neurological Cognition Research, Department of Neurology RWTH Aachen University, Medical School Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Amunts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre J\u00fclich Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM\u20101 and INM\u20103) J\u00fclich Germany"},{"name":"Section Structural Functional Brain Mapping, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics RWTH Aachen University, Medical School Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Heim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre J\u00fclich Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM\u20101 and INM\u20103) J\u00fclich Germany"},{"name":"Section Neurological Cognition Research, Department of Neurology RWTH Aachen University, Medical School Aachen Germany"},{"name":"Section Structural Functional Brain Mapping, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics RWTH Aachen University, Medical School Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1973.tb05180.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00199-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.3.433"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"The gift of dyslexia, revised and expanded: Why some of the smartest people can't read\u2026and how they can learn","author":"Davis R. 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