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Individual data revealed heterogeneous profiles for the poor readers: six (20%) exhibited visual deficit; two (6.7%) had a single phonological deficit; and six (20%) had a double phonological and visual deficit. A naming speed deficit appeared, not as a single type, but in association with a phonological deficit (23.3%), a visual deficit (3.3%), or both (10%). These results suggest that Koreans' most significant reading problems lie in phonological awareness and in visual and naming speed processing. In particular, phonological and visual deficits are major independent risk factors in Korean reading impairments. 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