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It is also known that internalised beat cues may aid in duration processing. This study investigated whether the difficulties in duration processing among DD stem from their inability to utilise internal beat cues. Participants with and without dyslexia estimated intervals ranging from 500\u2009ms to 10\u2009s. In the beat cue condition, participants listened to a sequence of 500\u2009ms beats before the interval, and in the no beat cue condition, they were exposed to silence while EEG was recorded. Interestingly, the two groups did not differ in duration estimation performance, but they did differ in their utilisation of beat cues, with DD showing less sensitivity to these, whether the impact was negative (cues before shorter intervals) or positive (before longer intervals). Brainwave entrainment to the target frequency was significantly higher compared with entrainment to a non\u2010target frequency, and cross\u2010group differences were null. Our findings suggest that DD may have difficulties either in retaining the beat when it is no longer audible, or in using the internalised beat for duration estimation. Nevertheless, they can achieve comparable accuracy to neurotypical adults, possibly through compensatory strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.70001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T04:59:16Z","timestamp":1739768356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adults With Dyslexia Use Internalised Beat Cues Less Than\u00a0Controls When Estimating Interval Length"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0319-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nath\u00e9rcia Lima","family":"Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Psychology Department University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6433-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Psychology Department University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Psychology Department University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2159-7032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Folia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki  Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Baltos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki  Thessaloniki Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6320-281X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Psychology Department University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2240-1828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Psychology Department University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Das Dificuldades de Leitura e Escrita: Desenvolvimento da Bateria Fonol\u00f3gica da Universidade do Porto [Assessment of Reading and Spelling Problems: Development of Porto's Phonological Assessment Battery]","volume":"4","author":"Alves R. 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