{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:07:59Z","timestamp":1780506479156,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007698","name":"University of Florida","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Dyslexia remains a struggle even among university students. This study aimed to better describe the profiles of college students with dyslexia using a multi\u2010step screening process. The process included a phone screening interview, a developmental and family history questionnaire, and norm\u2010referenced tests to identify students with phonological processing and word\u2010level reading fluency deficits consistent with extant data on college students and adults with dyslexia. Eighty\u2010two university students responded to our questionnaire, and 71 completed a battery of standardised tests including word\u2010level reading and decoding, phonological processing measures, and cognitive tasks. Over 81% of the participants demonstrated deficits in word\u2010level reading fluency, and 98% showed deficits in rapid automatized naming (RAN). Conversely, phonological awareness and phonological memory deficits were less commonly observed. The overwhelming majority of students reported a history of learning difficulties with reading, spelling, writing, or math. Additionally, the majority had a positive family history of language learning difficulties. This process of identifying college students with dyslexia and the profiles of their strengths and weaknesses supports a multifaceted approach to diagnosing dyslexia. These insights should provide guidelines for clinicians and educators seeking to identify and support college students with dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.70011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T11:55:01Z","timestamp":1757937301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Staples of Screening for Dyslexia in University Students"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2355-8249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kendra V.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology &amp; Special Education, College of Education and Human Services East Texas A&amp;M University  Commerce Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7087-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shujia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research &amp; Evaluation The Children's Trust of Miami\u2010Dade County  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2121-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sana","family":"Tibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Science and Disorders, College of Communication &amp; Information Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1855-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara M.","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Teaching and Learning, College of Education University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9493-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Lombardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Special Education, School Psychology, and Early Childhood Studies, College of Education University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_JSLHR\u201020\u201000118"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"International Policies, Identification, and Services for Students With Learning Disabilities: An Exploration Across 10 Countries","volume":"17","author":"Agrawal J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Learning Disabilities: A Contemporary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2332858416675346"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2019.1572758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2020.1867863"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12721"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158753"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Individual Achievement Test","author":"Breaux K. C.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.866543"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611434536"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881\u2010021\u201000226\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.783775"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145\u2010016\u20109692\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194211037062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-023-00295-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acad103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881\u2010016\u20100138\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108721.ep10768783"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0731948720939009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-012-0068-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881\u2010024\u201000311\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093\u2010934X(90)90157\u2010C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acw103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.41.1.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881\u2010018\u20100156\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109817.2005.00280.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000709902158801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1nh3m5m.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1800"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9133-3_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","volume-title":"Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement","author":"Kaufman A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Identification of Learning Disabilities","author":"Kavale K. A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.101.1.95-107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.45.3.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2021.1983820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s1188\u2010003\u20100001\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.22179"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2022.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","volume-title":"Tests of Dyslexia","author":"Mather N.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","volume-title":"Examiner's Manual. Woodcock\u2010Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities","author":"Mather N.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219420906801"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Defining SLD and Dyslexia Using a Pattern of Strengths and Weaknesses in Basic Psychological Processes and Achievement","volume":"49","author":"Naglieri J. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dialog: Journal of the Texas Educational Diagnosticians Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1477"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881\u2010024\u201000316\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-021-00247-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5206\/eei.v17i2.7604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025823"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20108624.1990.tb03564.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(12)60198\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747832"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","volume-title":"(NCES 2011\u2013018) U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics","author":"Raue K.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881\u2010020\u201000205\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v5i4.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1520"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","unstructured":"Rose J.2009.\u201cIdentifying and Teaching Children and Young People With Dyslexia and Literacy Difficulties.\u201dhttp:\/\/www.thedyslexia\u2010spldtrust.org.uk\/media\/downloads\/inline\/the\u2010rose\u2010report.1294933674."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20590776.2021.2011202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1689"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2004.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2023.101280"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949202501001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","unstructured":"Smythe I. andJ.Everatt.2001.\u201cAdult Checklist.\u201dhttp:\/\/www.bdadyslexia.org.uk\/files\/Adult%20Checklist.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881\u2010024\u201000305\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03054985.2020.1765756"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","unstructured":"SpLD Assessment Standards Committee (SASC). n.d.www.sasc.org.uk."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1510663"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1797"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654309350931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414558123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949402700503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","volume-title":"TOWRE\u20102 Test of Word Reading Efficiency","author":"Torgesen J. K.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","unstructured":"United Kingdom Government. n.d.\u201cHelp If You're a Student With a Learning Difficulty Health Problem or Disability.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.gov.uk\/disabled\u2010students\u2010allowance\u2010dsa\/eligibility."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","unstructured":"United States Department of Education.2023.\u201cThe Civil Rights of Students With Hidden Disabilities and Section\u00a0504.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.ed.gov\/laws\u2010and\u2010policy\/individuals\u2010disabilities\/section\u2010504\/hidden\u2010disabilities."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881\u2010024\u201000303\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021\u20109630.2003.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881\u2010023\u201000294\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","volume-title":"Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing\u2013Second Edition (CTOPP\u20102)","author":"Wagner R. K.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0162643418754530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20100663.91.3.415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881\u2010023\u201000297\u20101"}],"container-title":["Dyslexia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dys.70011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T04:35:19Z","timestamp":1764218119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dys.70011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dys.70011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dys.70011","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-9242","1099-0909"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-9242","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0909","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70011"}}