{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:27:06Z","timestamp":1790303226747,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The present study examines the role of lexico\u2010phonological distance in shaping vocabulary acquisition within Arabic diglossia, drawing on 299 Arabic\u2010speaking children with and without learning disabilities across Grades 1\u20136. Performance followed a consistent gradient: identical words were easiest; unique words hardest; cognates fell between. This hierarchy held across both receptive and expressive tasks and remained stable over development; the Grade\u2009\u00d7\u2009Word Type interaction was non\u2010significant, indicating that distance\u2010related constraints remain stable with schooling. More telling was the Group\u2009\u00d7\u2009Word Type interaction: the performance gap between typically developing (TD) and learning\u2010disabled (LD) children widened disproportionately for unique words, where the demands of representational construction meet reduced phonological processing resources. A modality asymmetry further qualified the picture: expressive vocabulary proved more sensitive to diglossic distance than receptive vocabulary, consistent with the heavier retrieval demands production places on underspecified representations. Theoretically, the findings are interpreted within MAWRID, which treats linguistic distance as a constraint on representational quality and the Lexical Quality Hypothesis, which links representational precision to lexical access efficiency. These findings implicate lexico\u2010phonological distance as a structural, developmentally persistent constraint on lexical acquisition in Arabic diglossia, with disproportionate consequences for children with compromised phonological resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.70044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:49:29Z","timestamp":1785548969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Developmental Study of Lexico\u2010Phonological Distance in Vocabulary Learning: Evidence From Typically Developing and Learning\u2010Disabled Arabic\u2010Speaking Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2575-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeer","family":"Asli\u2010Badarneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Early Childhood, Special Education and Learning Disabilities The Arab Academic College for Education  Haifa Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315683737"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02702711.2020.1864608"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_JSLHR-23-00318"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-023-09969-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-026-10214-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19388071.2023.2208187"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19388071.2023.2217274"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367006918781079"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.12433"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13670069221077306"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109450.2005.00468.x"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","first-page":"351","article-title":"The Effect of Diglossia on Arabic Vocabulary Development in Lebanese Students","volume":"7","author":"Fedda O. D.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00437956.1959.11659702"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749\u2010596X(90)90004\u2010J"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2024_JSLHR-23-00618"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092\u20104388(2004\/083)"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145\u2010026\u201010766\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2025_JSLHR\u201024\u201000837"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35678\/2539\u20105645.6(43).2023.389\u2010398"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23969415211004109"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","unstructured":"Johnson S.2018.\u201cVocabulary Acquisition for ELs.\u201dUnpublished Certificate of Advanced Study thesis Sacred Heart University. 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