{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:48:45Z","timestamp":1791596925933,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dyslexia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study investigated the sociolinguistic background and the cognitive and literacy profiles of heritage bilingual (HB) children with specific learning disorders (SLD) in reading and spelling or typical development (TD) in comparison with their monolingual peers. About 454 primary school children were included and divided into four groups: HBs with SLD (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009108) or TD (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200970), and monolinguals with SLD (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009106) or TD (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009170). Children completed tasks assessing nonverbal IQ, working memory, processing speed, nonword repetition, listening comprehension, and literacy skills, including word, nonword, and text reading and spelling, and reading comprehension. Parents provided information on language history and socioeconomic status (SES). Results showed comparable sociolinguistic profiles across groups, with greater heritage language maintenance in the HB\u2010TD group. SES primarily predicted performance on tasks with higher lexical demands and nonverbal IQ. Once SES was considered, language background only influenced spelling tasks. Interaction effects indicated a stronger influence of SES in HBs. At the phenotypic level, HBs and monolingual children with SLD showed comparable profiles, with an SLD\u2010specific disadvantage for HBs emerging only in nonword spelling. These findings underscore the importance of SES in assessing HB children and promoting the home language in clinical populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.70051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:49:11Z","timestamp":1791593351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Socioeconomic Status and Fine\u2010Grained Literacy Outcomes in Heritage Bilingual and Monolingual Children With and Without Specific Learning Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9831-8687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Bonifacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0537-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Porrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UO NPIA, AUSL Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Rapino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polo Provinciale DSA AUSL Modena  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gallani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro DSA AUSL Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Facini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UO NPIA, AUSL Parma  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Gelmini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NPIA, AUSL\u2010IRCCS Reggio Emilia  Reggio Emilia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Nanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UO NPIA, AUSL Imola  Imola Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Muccinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AUSL Romagna  Forl\u00ec Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Mannino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Chiodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UO NPIA, AUSL Bologna  Bologna 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