{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T23:32:56Z","timestamp":1785195176493,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ethics &amp; Human Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The U.S. Public Health Service\u2019s sexually transmitted disease (STD) experiments in Guatemala are an important case study not only in human subjects research transgressions but also in the response to serious lapses in research ethics. This case study describes how individuals in the STD experiments were tested, exposed to STDs, and exploited as the source of biological specimens\u2014all without informed consent and often with active deceit. It also explores and evaluates governmental and professional responses that followed the public revelation of these experiments, including by academic institutions, professional organizations, and the U.S. federal government, pushing us to reconsider both how we prevent such lapses in the future and how we respond when they are first revealed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eahr.500010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T06:01:56Z","timestamp":1553148116000},"page":"29-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["U.S. Public Health Service STD Experiments in Guatemala (1946\u20131948) and Their Aftermath"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Kayte","family":"Spector\u2010Bagdady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and is the chief of the Research Ethics Service in the Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine at University of Michigan Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regents\u2019 professor and the Bobby Lee Cook professor of law in the Center for Law, Health and Society at Georgia State University College of Law"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0898030610000291"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","volume-title":"\u201cEthically Impossible\u201d: STD Research in Guatemala from 1946 to 1948","author":"Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 23\u201325."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 28."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12080"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","unstructured":"Presidential Commission \u201cEthically Impossible \u201d32\u201336."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 36\u201341."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 37\u201338."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","volume-title":"Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment","author":"Jones J. H.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","unstructured":"Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues \u201cEthically Impossible \u201d37\u201338."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 38\u201340."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 40\u201341."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 41."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 41\u201342."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 43\u201351."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 69\u201370."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 44\u201348."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 53\u201356."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 51\u201352."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 56\u201368."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 69."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12318"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2642"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","unstructured":"Ethically Impossible 74 Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 13\u201323."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 74."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 44."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 57."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","unstructured":"Ibid. 4."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reverby S. M. \u201c\u2018Normal Exposure\u2019 and Inoculation Syphilis: PHS \u2018Tuskegee\u2019 Doctors in Guatemala 1946-48 and at Sing Sing Prison Ossining New York 1953-54 \u201d paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine Rochester MN May 2 2010.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0898030610000291"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Report on Findings from the U.S. Public Health Service Sexually Transmitted Disease Inoculation Study of 1946-1948 Based on Review of Archived Papers of John Cutler MD at the University of Pittsburgh September 29 2010 https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/5797."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","unstructured":"CNN Wire \u201cUS Apologizes for Infecting Guatemalans with STDs in the 1940s \u201d CNN October 1 2010 http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/americas\/10\/01\/us.guatemala.apology\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","unstructured":"Memorandum from President Barack Obama to Amy Gutmann chair Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues November 24 2010 https:\/\/bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu\/pcsbi\/sites\/default\/files\/Ethically%20Impossible%20(with%20linked%20historical%20documents)%202.7.13.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","unstructured":"Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues \u201cEthically Impossible.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","unstructured":"Ove T. \u201cLate Pitt Dean Cutler Denounced for Infecting Guatemalans with Syphilis in Research Experiment \u201dPittsburgh Post-Gazette August 20 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","unstructured":"Vergano D. \u201cSexual Diseases Research Award Renamed after Vote \u201dUSA Today April 11 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","unstructured":"University of Pittsburgh \u201cParran Hall Name Disappears after Board of Trustees Agrees with Chancellor\u2019s Recommendation \u201dUniversity Times July 5 2018 https:\/\/www.utimes.pitt.edu\/news\/parran-hall-name."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia v. Sebelius 867 F. Supp. 2d 125 (D.D.C.2012).","DOI":"10.1590\/S1414-32832012000400001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","unstructured":"U. S. Department of Health and Human Services \u201cHHS Commits Nearly $1.8 million to Health Initiatives in Guatemala and to Improving Global Human Research Protections \u201dBusinessWire January 10 2012 https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20120110005560\/en\/HHS-commits-1.8-million-health-initiatives-Guatemala."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","unstructured":"Alvarez v. Hopkins 275 F. Supp. 3d 670 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","unstructured":"Cohen I. G. andH. F.Lynch \u201cGuatemalans Used in Experiments Deserve Compensation \u201dNew York Times July 4 2012 http:\/\/mobile.nytimes.com\/2012\/07\/05\/opinion\/guatemalans-used-inexperiments-deserve-compensation.html."}],"container-title":["Ethics &amp; Human Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eahr.500010","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/eahr.500010","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eahr.500010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T11:30:27Z","timestamp":1694431827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eahr.500010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eahr.500010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eahr.500010","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2578-2355","2578-2363"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2578-2355","type":"print"},{"value":"2578-2363","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-03-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}