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From an evolutionary perspective, the goal of these efforts is to establish self\u2010sustaining, sexually reproducing coral populations that have sufficient genetic and phenotypic variation to adapt to changing environments. Here, we provide concrete guidelines to help restoration practitioners meet this goal for most Caribbean species of interest. To enable the persistence of coral populations exposed to severe selection pressure from many stressors, a mixed provenance strategy is suggested: genetically unique colonies (genets) should be sourced both locally as well as from more distant, environmentally distinct sites. Sourcing three to four genets per reef along environmental gradients should be sufficient to capture a majority of intraspecies genetic diversity. It is best for practitioners to propagate genets with one or more phenotypic traits that are predicted to be valuable in the future, such as low partial mortality, high wound healing rate, high skeletal growth rate, bleaching resilience, infectious disease resilience, and high sexual reproductive output. Some effort should also be reserved for underperforming genets because colonies that grow poorly in nurseries sometimes thrive once returned to the reef and may harbor genetic variants with as yet unrecognized value. Outplants should be clustered in groups of four to six genets to enable successful fertilization upon maturation. Current evidence indicates that translocating genets among distant reefs is unlikely to be problematic from a population genetic perspective but will likely provide substantial adaptive benefits. Similarly, inbreeding depression is not a concern given that current practices only raise first\u2010generation offspring. Thus, proceeding with the proposed management strategies even in the absence of a detailed population genetic analysis of the focal species at sites targeted for restoration is the best course of action. These basic guidelines should help maximize the adaptive potential of reef\u2010building corals facing a rapidly changing environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.1978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]],"date-time":"2019-07-23T02:58:07Z","timestamp":1563850687000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":282,"title":["Considerations for maximizing the adaptive potential of restored coral populations in the western Atlantic"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6463-7308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iliana B.","family":"Baums","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16803 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biology and Ecology Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science University of Miami Miami Florida 33149 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah W.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6053-9452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9a G.","family":"Grottoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly D.","family":"Kenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California 90007 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila A.","family":"Kitchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16803 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8804-7847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilsa B.","family":"Kuffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey 600 4th Street S. St. Petersburg Florida 33701 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd C.","family":"LaJeunesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16803 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail V.","family":"Matz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret W.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SECORE International Miami Florida 33145 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8386-3044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"Parkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SECORE International Miami Florida 33145 USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa Florida 33620 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5641-8914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Shantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16803 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04276.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07834"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac7125"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135747"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","article-title":"Recruit symbiosis establishment and Symbiodiniceae composition influenced by adult corals and reef sediment","author":"Ali A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35035083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003380050227"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(00)00237-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01531.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12869"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00704.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1529-8817.2000.00010.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002270000290"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120220"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132417"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/430741a"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2005.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210224110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.03787.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps288115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02489.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2006)076[0503:GVICSI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02581.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-013-1012-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12788"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2014.00059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.10.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1701413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04568-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02691"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3567"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-11-303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","first-page":"2305","article-title":"Deep reefs are not universal refuges: Reseeding potential varies among coral species. 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