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The dilution effect is the concept that higher biodiversity decreases pathogen transmission. It has been observed especially in zoonotic vector\u2010borne pathosystems, yet evidence against it has been found. In particular, it is still debated how the community (dis)assembly assumptions and the degree of generalism of vectors and pathogens affect the direction of the biodiversity\u2013pathogen transmission relationship. The aim of this study was to use empirical data and mechanistic models to investigate dilution mechanisms in two rodent\u2013tick\u2013pathogen systems differing in their vector degree of generalism. A community was assembled to include ecological interactions that expand from purely additive to purely substitutive. Such systems are excellent candidates to analyze the link between vector ecology, community (dis)assembly dynamics, and pathogen transmission. To base our mechanistic models on empirical data, rodent live\u2010trapping, including tick sampling, was conducted in Wales across two seasons for three consecutive years. We have developed a deterministic single\u2010vector, multi\u2010host compartmental model that includes ecological relationships with non\u2010host species, uniquely integrating theoretical and observational approaches. To describe pathogen transmission across a gradient of community diversity, the model was populated with parameters describing five different scenarios differing in ecological complexity; each based around one of the pathosystems: <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinu<\/jats:italic>s (generalist tick)\u2013<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>I. trianguliceps<\/jats:italic> (small mammals specialist tick)\u2013<jats:italic>Babesia microti<\/jats:italic>. The results suggested that community composition and interspecific dynamics affected pathogen transmission with different dilution outcomes depending on the vector degree of generalism. The model provides evidence that dilution and amplification effects are not mutually exclusive in the same community but depend on vector ecology and the epidemiological output considered (i.e., the \u201crisk\u201d of interest). In our scenarios, more functionally diverse communities resulted in fewer infectious rodents, supporting the dilution effect. In the pathosystem with generalist vector we identified a hump shaped relationship between diversity and infections in hosts, while for that characterized by specialist tick, this relationship was more complex and more dependent upon specific parameter values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T09:20:13Z","timestamp":1643448013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["An eco\u2010epidemiological modeling approach to investigate dilution effect in two different tick\u2010borne pathosystems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7134-8416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Occhibove","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBERS, Aberystwyth University  Aberystwyth UK"},{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology  Wallingford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Kenobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics Aberystwyth University  Aberystwyth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Swain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBERS, Aberystwyth University  Aberystwyth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Risley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBERS, Aberystwyth University  Aberystwyth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.01260.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/0091-7648(2005)33[1018:CEOLAS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0951-7715\/17\/3\/018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Partitioning the Net Effect of Host Diversity on an Emerging Amphibian Pathogen","volume":"281","author":"Becker G. 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