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Many migratory species have advanced the phenology of important life history stages and, as a result, are likely to be exposed to these periods of inclement spring weather more often, therefore risking reduced fitness and population growth. For declining avian species, including aerial insectivores, anthropogenic landscape changes such as agricultural intensification are another driver of population declines. These landscape changes may affect the foraging ability of food provisioning parents and reduce the survival of nestlings exposed to inclement weather through, for example, pesticide exposure impairing thermoregulation and punctual anorexia. Breeding in agro\u2010intensive landscapes may therefore exacerbate the negative effects of inclement weather under climate change. We observed that a significant reduction in the availability of insect prey occurred when daily maximum temperatures fell below 18.3\u00b0C, and thereby defined any day when the maximum temperature fell below this value as a day witnessing a cold snap. We then combined daily information on the occurrence of cold snaps and measures of precipitation to assess their impact on the fledging success of Tree Swallows (\n                    <jats:italic>Tachycineta bicolor<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) occupying a nest box system placed across a gradient of agricultural intensification. Estimated fledging success of this declining aerial insectivore was 36.2% lower for broods experiencing 4 cold\u2010snap days during the 12\u2009days post\u2010hatching period versus broods experiencing none, and this relationship was worsened when facing more precipitation. We further found that the overall negative effects of a brood experiencing periods of inclement weather was exacerbated in more agro\u2010intensive landscapes. Our results indicate that two of the primary hypothesized drivers of many avian population declines may interact to further increase the rate of declines in certain landscape contexts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T22:59:29Z","timestamp":1651013969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Interacting effects of cold snaps, rain, and agriculture on the fledging success of a declining aerial insectivore"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8000-0582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Garrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke  Sherbrooke Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0113-5412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanie","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke  Sherbrooke Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8091-1044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dany","family":"Garant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke  Sherbrooke Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0657-6724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"B\u00e9lisle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke  Sherbrooke Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Agriculture and Agri\u2010Food Canada (AAFC).2018. \u201cAnnual Crop Inventory.\u201dhttps:\/\/open.canada.ca\/data\/en\/dataset\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336-015-1262-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0923"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2017-0229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00011-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-021-04918-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Bivand R. 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