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However, the impact of urban expansion on agricultural biodiversity in tropical regions is overlooked. Here we assess how urbanization affects the functional response of farmland bees, the most important pollinators for crop production. We sampled bees across three seasons in 36 conventional vegetable\u2010producing farms spread along an urbanization gradient in Bengaluru, an Indian megacity. We investigated how landscape and local environmental drivers affected different functional traits (sociality, nesting behavior, body size, and specialization) and functional diversity (functional dispersion) of bee communities. We found that the functional responses to urbanization were trait specific with more positive than negative effects of gray area (sealed surfaces and buildings) on species richness, functional diversity, and abundance of most functional groups. As expected, larger, solitary, cavity\u2010nesting, and, surprisingly, specialist bees benefited from urbanization. In contrast to temperate cities, the abundance of ground nesters increased in urban areas, presumably because larger patches of bare soil were still available beside roads and buildings. However, overall bee abundance and the abundance of social bees (85% of all bees) decreased with urbanization, threatening crop pollination. Crop diversity promotes taxonomic and functional diversity of bee communities. Locally, flower resources promote the abundance of all functional groups, and natural vegetation can maintain diverse pollinator communities throughout the year, especially during the noncropping season. However, exotic plants decrease functional diversity and bee specialization. To safeguard bees and their pollination services in urban farms, we recommend (1) preserving seminatural vegetation (hedges) around cropping fields to provide nesting opportunities for aboveground nesters, (2) promoting farm\u2010level crop diversification of beneficial crops (e.g., pulses, vegetables, and spices), (3) maintaining native natural vegetation along field margins, and (4) controlling and removing invasive exotic plants that disrupt native plant\u2013pollinator interactions. Overall, our results suggest that urban agriculture can maintain functionally diverse bee communities and, if managed in a sustainable manner, be used to develop win\u2013win solutions for biodiversity conservation of pollinators and food security in and around cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T09:28:25Z","timestamp":1656149305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Functional diversity of farmland bees across rural\u2013urban landscapes in a tropical megacity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2199-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Marcacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Agrobiodiversity, Department of Crop Sciences University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7788-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingo","family":"Grass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems University of Hohenheim  Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas S.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Entomology University of Agricultural Sciences  Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabarish","family":"Kumar S","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Apiculture University of Agricultural Sciences  Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. B.","family":"Tharini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Entomology University of Agricultural Sciences  Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasuki V.","family":"Belavadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Entomology University of Agricultural Sciences  Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"N\u00f6lke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4482-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teja","family":"Tscharntke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"},{"name":"Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL) University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2615-1339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catrin","family":"Westphal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Agrobiodiversity, Department of Crop Sciences University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"},{"name":"Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL) University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14736"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13576"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2019.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.2849"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-018-0756-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10841-011-9419-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contribution of Insect Pollinators to Crop Yield and Quality Varies with Agricultural Intensification","volume":"2014","author":"Bartomeus I.","year":"2014","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"MuMIn: Multi\u2010Model Inference","author":"Barton K.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023459"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13537"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13745"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-021-01261-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-020-00956-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-020-02003-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information\u2010Theoretic Approach. 2nd Edition","author":"Burnham K. 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