{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T02:23:10Z","timestamp":1786760590137,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014596","name":"Nature Conservancy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB 2209765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 2209765"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecological Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>For at\u2010risk species, understanding population vital rates is imperative for developing informed conservation strategies and population models. Managers often assume that species that are spatially distributed among patches of suitable habitat meet the criteria of a metapopulation. Metapopulation dynamics are determined not only by within\u2010patch birth and death processes but also by between\u2010patch dispersal movements of individuals that are infrequent but critical to maintaining population viability across space and time. To conserve and manage such species, an understanding of all these vital rates, including connectivity, is required. The degree to which the northern Great Plains piping plover (<jats:italic>Charadrius melodus<\/jats:italic>) breeding population functions as a metapopulation depends, in part, on the rate of movement among patchily distributed breeding areas. Here, we examined annual adult survival and breeding dispersal probabilities for 2582 individuals at two spatial scales within the northern Great Plains piping plover breeding population between 2014 and 2019. Inconsistent with a metapopulation structure, annual survival varied minimally among breeding regions but did vary across years. We also found that breeding dispersal probabilities were temporally variable, high, and unbalanced at both spatial scales examined, suggesting high connectivity in contrast to metapopulation dynamics. Further, we detected context\u2010dependent effects of reproductive success on dispersal decisions. Individuals were more likely to disperse from the northern Missouri River to the US Alkali Wetlands following nest failure due to inundation or severe storms (including in the year prior to dispersal), whereas dispersal from the US Alkali Wetlands to the northern Missouri River decreased following successful nest attempts. Individuals also decreased dispersal from the US Alkali Wetlands to the northern Missouri River in response to renesting attempts in both the year of interest and the year prior to dispersal. Our results contradict the paradigm that northern Great Plains piping plovers are structured as a metapopulation and instead suggest a patchily distributed, likely panmictic, population. Our findings have implications for the conservation and management of this listed species and are also a general reminder that in the absence of robust knowledge of movement, spatial variation in birth and death processes across patches should not be conflated with a metapopulation structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.70037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T13:19:52Z","timestamp":1749820792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Not all spatially structured populations are metapopulations: Re\u2010examining paradigms for a threatened shorebird"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7044-6196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rose J.","family":"Swift","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center  Jamestown North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Anteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center  Jamestown North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen S.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center  Jamestown North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett J.","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center  Jamestown North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan M.","family":"Ring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center  Jamestown North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Sherfy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center  Jamestown North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin L.","family":"Toy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center  Jamestown North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David N.","family":"Koons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/701781"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-015-3361-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3545823"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anteau M. J. M. H.Sherfy T. L.Shaffer R. J.Swift D. L.Toy andC. M.Dovichin.2019.\u201cDemographic Responses of Least Terns and Piping Plovers to the 2011 Missouri River Flood\u2014A Large\u2010Scale Case Study.\u201dU.S. Geological Survey 2018\u20131176.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20181176"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2013.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-012-2384-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-014-0041-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317508"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-7590.2008.05490.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/10-0392.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/auk.2012.11079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1464793104006645"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.1998.10474787"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ACE-00091-010304"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"Matrix Population Models: Construction, Analysis, and Interpretation","author":"Caswell H.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2740"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wmon.1016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.1998.tb00722.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-226865-2\/00195-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2011.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3546885"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1557-9263.2011.00341.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1557-9263.2006.00072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-01569-110114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","volume-title":"Birds of the World","author":"Elliott\u2010Smith E.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.12607"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2021.109371"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32886-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2005.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2000.98147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","article-title":"Species Recovery in the United States: Increasing the Effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act","volume":"20","author":"Evans D. M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Issues in Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/09-0397.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","unstructured":"Forsberg E. M.2024.\u201cDemographic Consequences of off\u2010River Nesting for Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) and Interior Least Tern (Sternula antillarum athalassos) in the Lower Platte River System Nebraska.\u201dMSc. Thesis. University of Nebraska Lincoln."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Natal and Breeding Dispersal of Northern Spotted Owls","volume":"149","author":"Forsman E. D.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wildlife Monographs"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0271-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/11-1814.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0686-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3747"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.1411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.08289"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1993.10476353"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.13.110182.000245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1657.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2009.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2001.00182.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00320.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcosc.2023.1257662"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2005.01082.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2004.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3546033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012159270-7\/50009-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00654.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2009.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.14032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2009.01695.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/14-0661.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1650\/CONDOR-17-93.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","unstructured":"IPBES.2019.\u201cSummary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science\u2010Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2398"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3474"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","unstructured":"Kellner K.2024.\u201cjagsUI: A Wrapper around Rjags to Streamline JAGS Analyses.\u201dR Package Version 1.6.2.https:\/\/cran.rproject.org\/web\/packages\/jagsUI\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","volume-title":"Bayesian Population Analysis Using WinBUGS: A Hierarchical Perspective","author":"K\u00e9ry M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2007.01236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-012-9819-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2979.2004.00131.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/13-1564.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1648\/0273-8570-71.4.721"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/cond.2010.100017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/282900"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/109.1.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsy091"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167829"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13421"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3996\/072015-JFWM-068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ornithapp\/duab061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12460"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2009.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Reproductive Success of Piping Plovers on Alkali Lakes in North Dakota and Montana","volume":"32","author":"Murphy R. K.","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Prairie Naturalist"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1675\/1524-4695(2003)026[0156:PEMFME]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(01)02272-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/09-BA403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1675\/063.038.0302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-023-03374-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.06052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(99)00050-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"JAGS: A Program for Analysis of Bayesian Graphical Models Using Gibbs Sampling","volume":"124","author":"Plummer M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Distributed Statistical Computing"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13783"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2005.00318.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Development Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/679502"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801725105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/duaa041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/auk.2012.11196"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jofo.12072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/2009-446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1650\/CONDOR-15-195.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/697488"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw1313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.1999.00300.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2000)081[0642:ALHVAC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/0022-541X(2006)70[1504:EODPFL]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01508.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/12-1395.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12423"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.2003.00707.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaffer T. L. M. H.Sherfy M. J.Anteau J. H.Stucker M. A.Sovada E. A.Roche M. T.Wiltermuth T. K.Buhl andC. M.Dovichin.2013.\u201cAccuracy of the Missouri River Least Tern and Piping Plover Monitoring Program: Considerations for the Future.\u201dU.S. Geological Survey 2013\u20131176.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20131176"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.301"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195084405.003.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ornithapp\/duad003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0516"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.07256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbirs.2023.1157682"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_123_1","unstructured":"Swift R. J. M. J.Anteau K. S.Ellis G. J.MacDonald M. M.Ring M. H.Sherfy andD. L.Toy.2024.\u201cPiping Plover Adult Breeding Dispersal and Annual Survival in the Northern Great Plains USA 2014\u20132019: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P13HB5KF."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_124_1","unstructured":"Swift R. J. M. J.Anteau K. S.Ellis G. J.MacDonald M. M.Ring M. H.Sherfy andD. L.Toy.2025.\u201cPiping Plover Breeding Dispersal JAGS Model Code: U.S. Geological Survey Software Release.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P145PZKB."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-021-00293-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.4524"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swift R. J. M. J.Anteau K. S.Ellis M. M.Ring M. H.Sherfy D. L.Toy andD. N.Koons.2021.\u201cSpatial Variation in Population Dynamics of Northern Great Plains Piping Plovers.\u201dU.S. Geological Survey 2020\u20131152.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20201152"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.4190"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/duz066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.01974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.1999.00330.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0735.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1675\/063.040.0211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-015-0045-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-007-9138-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_136_1","unstructured":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.2018.\u201cScience and Adaptive Management Plan \u2013 Missouri River Recovery Program.\u201dWashington DC USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_137_1","unstructured":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.2020. \u201cPiping Plover (Charadrius melodus). 5\u2010Year Review: Summary and Evaluation.\u201d East Lansing MI."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_138_1","unstructured":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.2023.\u201cBiological Report for the Northern Great Plains Piping Plover population (Charadrius melodus circumcinctus).\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_139_1","unstructured":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.2025. \u201cPiping Plover (Charadrius melodus) 5\u2010year review: Summary and Evaluation.\u201dHadley MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_140_1","first-page":"3574","article-title":"Asymptotic Equivalence of Bayes Cross Validation and Widely Applicable Information Criterion in Singular Learning Theory","volume":"11","author":"Watanabe S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/duz037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/05-0587"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2898"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/106.4.768"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-3933-2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2586"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2007.01343.x"}],"container-title":["Ecological Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1002\/eap.70037","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eap.70037","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T07:21:56Z","timestamp":1751008916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eap.70037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eap.70037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eap.70037","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-0761","1939-5582"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-0761","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-5582","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70037"}}