{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:50:09Z","timestamp":1790754609181,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760832000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017080","name":"Southern Research Station","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017080","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015231","name":"Joint Fire Science Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015231","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecological Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The misalignment of species adaptations with current environmental conditions can cause ecosystems to lose resilience, accumulate resilience debt, and transition to another state. Such a state change is evident in eastern North American broadleaf forests where dominant tree species are shifting from oaks (\n                    <jats:italic>Quercus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) to mesophytic species such as maples (\n                    <jats:italic>Acer<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.). The replacement of oaks is widespread and threatens the ecosystem services these forests provide, generating interest in using forest management to halt or reverse this change. The national Fire and Fire Surrogate (FFS) study was a large\u2010scale study of forest management practices, and the Green River FFS site in western North Carolina (initiated in 2001) offers the opportunity to understand how management actions affect oak forest resilience. The Green River FFS site implemented three experimental treatments replicated across three spatial blocks: mechanical felling of saplings and ericaceous shrubs (Mech), prescribed fire (Fire), and a combination (Mech\u2009+\u2009Fire), which were compared to untreated controls (Control). Here, we used this long\u2010running experiment to evaluate oak forest resilience by examining changes in overstory basal area and forest composition among overstory trees, saplings, and seedlings. We found that basal area increased in the Control and Mech treatments, was unchanged in the Fire treatment, and decreased in the Mech\u2009+\u2009Fire treatment as a result of mortality. Oak sapling abundances increased with reduced basal area, a pattern not found with the major mesophytic representative, maples. This suggests that oaks are well positioned to recruit to the overstory where basal area has decreased due to overstory mortality, and at the Green River FFS site, this was best achieved in the Mech\u2009+\u2009Fire treatment. Creating conditions where oak saplings have an advantage over maples requires the mortality of some overstory trees, including desirable oaks. Taken together, our findings suggest that the misalignment of oak traits and current environmental conditions has led to resilience debt, which may be reduced when management actions mimic a severe disturbance that results in the opening of the canopy. Thus, management actions that combine mechanical felling and repeated prescribed fires may promote sustained oak dominance in the future.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.70125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T06:25:41Z","timestamp":1760941541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Reducing resilience debt: Mechanical felling and repeated prescribed fires may sustain eastern oak forests"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4611-5156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie K.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Research Station USDA Forest Service  Athens Georgia USA"},{"name":"Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0006-1922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald L.","family":"Hagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University  Clemson South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Adam","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia A.","family":"DeFeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Mac A.","family":"Callaham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Research Station USDA Forest Service  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen H.","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Research Station USDA Forest Service  Clemson South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Waldrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Research Station USDA Forest Service  Clemson South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6143-0317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Wurzburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1311781"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1313374"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.12.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biaa169"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2014.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-73267-7_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14368"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3133\/pp37"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-100X.2007.00312.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/ES15-00116.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/x97-218"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jof\/99.11.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(98)00423-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","volume-title":"Silvics of North America: Volume 2. Hardwoods","author":"Burns R. M.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3375\/043.033.0105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5849\/forsci.13-114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143270"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-007-9352-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","volume-title":"An {R} Companion to Applied Regression","author":"Fox J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2016.05.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.616"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2948"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1642"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2007.09.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.118107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav6358"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1706"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.1311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2017.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.10.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-022-01231-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"Lenth R.2022.\u201cemmeans: Estimated Marginal Means aka Least\u2010Squares Means.\u201dR Package Version 1.7.3.https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Oak Regeneration: Serious Problems, Practical Recommendations","author":"Lorimer C. G.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","unstructured":"Luppold W. G.2019.\u201cThe Oak Timber Base and Market: Past Present and Future.\u201dInOak Symposium: Sustaining Oak Forests in the 21st Century through Science\u2010Based Management. Asheville NC: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Southern Research Station. 192 p."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WF11130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/2006-169"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/B580207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/f10040350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/forsci\/fxz031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","volume-title":"Green River Fire and Fire Surrogates Study: Tree and Duff Measurements","author":"Taylor M. K.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072540"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2022.120244"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fecs.2023.100152"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4996\/fireecology.1202028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/forestscience\/56.1.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98244-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.14443"}],"container-title":["Ecological Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eap.70125","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/eap.70125","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eap.70125","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eap.70125","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T16:00:58Z","timestamp":1771257658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eap.70125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eap.70125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eap.70125","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-0761","1939-5582"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-0761","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-5582","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70125"}}