{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T17:48:27Z","timestamp":1782928107952,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005788","name":"Virginia Sea Grant, Virginia Institute of Marine Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005788","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecological Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The marine aquarium trade (MAT) is a significant global industry harvesting millions of wild\u2010caught, live coral reef fishes for public and private aquaria markets in the United States and Europe annually, while supporting fisher livelihoods in the Indo\u2010Pacific. This diverse and species\u2010rich trade is considered data\u2010limited, creating barriers to quantifying the current and future socio\u2010ecological sustainability of the fishery. We present a revised and expanded productivity\u2013susceptibility analysis (PSA) that serves as a holistic risk assessment to estimate the vulnerability of marine aquarium fish to overfishing. Our global analysis includes 306 species that are actively in trade. Improvements to the PSA framework from previous research including novel susceptibility factors, methods to overcome missing data for individual species factors, and assessing a large, diverse group of marine fish under a single, targeted assessment framework. Our results show that an overwhelming 81.4% of species evaluated fall into the least or moderately vulnerable classification, while the remaining species (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200957) have higher vulnerability scores designating them as high priority for localized assessment and management initiatives. Most teleost fish in the trade are considered sustainable, while eels and elasmobranchs have the highest vulnerability scores. A comparative case study between our PSA and the popular FishBase vulnerability tool illustrates how the latter can be ill\u2010suited to handle the data limitations common to nonfood fishes. Our study demonstrates how the PSA is a robust, data\u2010limited fishery assessment to prioritize species in the MAT for further assessment, monitoring, and management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.70272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:10:37Z","timestamp":1781010637000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating species at risk in data\u2010limited fisheries: A productivity\u2013susceptibility analysis for marine aquarium fish"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4334-7541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle A.","family":"Baillargeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice A.","family":"Wynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School for the Environment University of Massachusetts Boston  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jemelyn Grace P.","family":"Baldisimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Department Old Dominion University  Norfolk Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Tlusty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School for the Environment University of Massachusetts Boston  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Global Ocean Conservation Program Monterey Bay Aquarium  Monterey California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Rhyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science Roger Williams University  Bristol Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen G. R. andT. J.Donaldson.2007.\u201cPterapogon kauderni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.\u201de.T63572A12692964.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63572A12692964.en","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63572A12692964.en"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13362"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Baillargeon G. A.Rhyne andM.Tlusty.2026.\u201cVolume in Trade Data for 306 Marine Aquarium Fish [Data Set].\u201dZenodo.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.20035439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Baldisimo J. G.2025.\u201cIUCN Data for 306 Species Assessed by PSA [Data Set].\u201dZenodo.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17468611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Baldisimo J. G. M.Tlusty A.Rhyne G.Baillargeon andA.Wynn.2025.\u201cProductivity\u2010Susceptibility Analysis Results for 306 Marine Aquarium Fish [Data Set].\u201dZenodo.10.5281\/zenodo.17468588"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-7836(02)00025-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"941","volume-title":"Modes of Reproduction in Fishes","author":"Breder C. M.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2005.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","article-title":"Captive\u2010Bred Marine Aquarium Fish & Invertebrate List\u2013Project Homepage","author":"CORAL Magazine & Marine Breeding Initiative","year":"2023","journal-title":"CORAL Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00527"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2013.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Fricke R. W. N.Eschmeyer andR.Van der Laan.2023.\u201cEschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Species and References.\u201dhttp:\/\/researcharchive.calacademy.org\/research\/ichthyology\/catalog\/fishcatmain.asp"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"Froese R. andD.Pauly.2023.\u201cFishBase.\u201dhttp:\/\/www.fishbase.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"gbaillargeon.2026.\u201cgbaillargeon\/PSA\u2010Gaussian\u2010Mixture\u2010Model: PSA Data Code (DOI).\u201dZenodo.10.5281\/zenodo.18941035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-015-0938-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2011.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"Hobday A. J.Dowdney C.Bulman S.Miriana M.Fuller andS.Ling.2007.\u201cEcological Risk Assessment for the Effects of Fishing: Report for the Southern Bluefin Tuna Purse Seine Sub\u2010Fishery.\u201dAustralian Fisheries Management Authority."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"IUCN.2023.\u201cThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2023\u20101.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps335271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2023.105590"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","volume-title":"Reef Aquarium Fishes: 500+ Essential\u2010to\u2010Know Species","author":"Michael S. W.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","series-title":"In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries (pp. 60\u201364)","volume-title":"Status of the Philippine Marine Aquarium Fish Trade","author":"Ochavillo D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2016.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"Patrick W. S. P.Spencer O.Ormseth J.Cope J.Field D.Kobayashi T.Gedamke et al.2009.\u201cUse of Productivity and Susceptibility Indices to Determine Stock Vulnerability with Example Applications to Six U.S. Fisheries. U.S. Dep. Commer. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS\u2010F\/SPO\u2010101 90.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","volume-title":"The Biological Aspects of Rare Plant Conservation","author":"Rabinowitz D.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2013.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2949"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","unstructured":"Rhyne A. L. M. F.Tlusty R. J.Holmberg andJ. T.Szczebak.2015.\u201cMarine Aquarium Biodiversity and Trade Flow.\u201dhttp:\/\/www.aquariumtradedata.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035808"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"399","volume-title":"Reproduction in Reef Fishes","author":"Thresher R. E.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(01)00683-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","unstructured":"UNEP\u2010WCMC.2022.\u201cInternational Trade in Non\u2010CITES Listed Marine Ornamental Fish: International Trade Conservation Status Management and Legislation for Non\u2010CITES Marine Ornamental Fish in Support of the Implementation of Decision 18.296. UNEP\u2010WCMC Cambridge [Draft] [Online].\u201dhttps:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/E-CoP19-Inf-99_updated.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","volume-title":"Collection of Coral Reef Fish for Aquaria: Global Trade, Conservation Issues and Management Strategies","author":"Wood E. M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011391700880"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","unstructured":"Wynn A.2025.\u201cPhylogenetic Tree for 306 Species Vulnerability.\u201dZenodo.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.14833664"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","unstructured":"Wynn A. G.Baillargeon andJ. G.Baldisimo.2025.\u201cFactor Data References for Productivity\u2010Susceptibility Analysis [Data Set].\u201dZenodo.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17468677"}],"container-title":["Ecological Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eap.70272","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/eap.70272","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eap.70272","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T17:09:00Z","timestamp":1782925740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eap.70272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eap.70272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eap.70272","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-0761","1939-5582"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-0761","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-5582","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70272"}}