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To assess the success and value of such restoration projects, we need to understand how and when they produce desired restoration outcomes. However, there is currently limited data\u2010driven understanding of how biodiversity and ecosystem services develop over extended timescales (e.g., decades) following restoration. While ecosystem services can be challenging to quantify, functional traits can be used as effective proxies that are more easily measured. Here, we employed a space\u2010for\u2010time approach at multiple restored sites (6\u201333\u2009years old) in two estuaries in eastern Australia (Hunter River estuary and Maroochy River estuary) to explore temporal trajectories of functional traits in coastal wetlands. We found diverse, often nonlinear temporal trends for numerous functional traits in mangrove and saltmarsh habitats, including saltmarsh cover, saltmarsh burrows, mangrove height, and mangrove saplings, all of which directly link to ecosystem services. Further understanding of ecosystem service changes after restoration can inform ongoing monitoring and management, which may improve predictions of recovery timescales. These will help refine restoration goals and manage project expectations, thereby increasing future restoration success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.70292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T07:30:16Z","timestamp":1788852616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Restoration transforms coastal wetland ecosystem services over time"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9685-7847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Lanceman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Glamore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eve","family":"Slavich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stats Central, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9679-7023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Mayer\u2010Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2828"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.544105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511565328"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Saltmarsh Restoration \u2013 Rebuilding Habitat with a Community Partnership","author":"Alletson T.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2007.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149176"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00048149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/emr.12570"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-021-01467-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sum.12021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/PP9880263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/10-1510.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2022.108010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/15-1077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.13936"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986025001060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.14324"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2011.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"The Role of Insect Leaf Herbivory on the Mangroves Avicennia marina and Rhizophora stylosa","author":"Burrows D. 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