{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:39:43Z","timestamp":1792589983585,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecological Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Human recreation in mountainous ecosystems, particularly skiing, poses a significant challenge for wildlife conservation, as evidenced by physiological stress responses observed in black grouse (\n                    <jats:italic>Lyrurus tetrix<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Here, we present a reusable workflow that integrates noninvasive fecal corticosterone metabolite (FCM) measurements, mixed\u2010effects modeling, spatial prediction, and an interactive web application to quantify and map stress responses to winter sports. We analyzed 235 fecal samples for corticosterone metabolites as indicators of stress. Using a mixed\u2010effects model, we observed that FCM levels in black grouse increased with higher skier numbers, particularly in proximity to ski slopes. To enhance understanding and management of these impacts, we then used the fitted model to produce 10\u2010m resolution stress maps under alternative scenarios and embedded these in an interactive mapping tool, hosted at\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/boydorr.gla.ac.uk\/lucanelli\/blackgrouse_stress\/\">http:\/\/boydorr.gla.ac.uk\/lucanelli\/blackgrouse_stress<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    , to visualize the stress impacts on black grouse under different skiing and environmental scenarios. This tool supports scenario\u2010based management and research into wildlife disturbances and could inform future educational efforts to raise awareness among ski resort users about their potential impact on wildlife. The workflow can also be transferred to other species and disturbance contexts. Our study contributes to the broader efforts to manage human\u2013wildlife conflicts in sensitive ecosystems, offering a novel and practical approach to harmonizing recreational activities with wildlife conservation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.70336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:49:07Z","timestamp":1792586947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Skiers' footprint on wildlife stress: Tracing the impact of winter sports on black grouse with interactive mapping"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Nelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia  Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Battoraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia  Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geremia","family":"Illarietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia  Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Meriggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia  Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Bassano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alpine Wildlife Research Centre, Gran Paradiso National Park  Noasca (TO) Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3639-8172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Matthiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Konrad\u2010Lorenz\u2010Institute of Ethology University of Veterinary Medicine  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupert","family":"Palme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology University of Veterinary Medicine  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0236-z","article-title":"Geological and Climatic Influences on Mountain Biodiversity","volume":"11","author":"Antonelli A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Geoscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1890\/14-1141.1","article-title":"Disturbance of Wildlife by Outdoor Winter Recreation: Allostatic Stress Response and Altered Activity\u2013Energy Budgets","volume":"25","author":"Arlettaz R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"issue":"1614","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.0434","article-title":"Spreading Free\u2010Riding Snow Sports Represent a Novel Serious Threat for Wildlife","volume":"274","author":"Arlettaz R.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2174\/9781608054886113010011","volume-title":"The Impacts of Skiing and Related Winter Recreational Activities on Mountain Environments","author":"Arlettaz R.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1343.008","article-title":"A Noninvasive Technique to Evaluate Human\u2010Generated Stress in the Black Grouse","volume":"1046","author":"Baltic M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11070698","article-title":"Alpine Tundra Contraction under Future Warming Scenarios in Europe","volume":"11","author":"Barredo J. 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