{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:39:16Z","timestamp":1792802356082,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\u201005138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\u201005138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecological Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Pathogens can have significant impacts on host movement and behavior with consequences for ongoing transmission. For example, chronic wasting disease (CWD) causes severe nutritional deficiencies and neurologic changes, which may alter white\u2010tailed deer (\n                    <jats:italic>Odocoileus virginianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) movement and subsequent transmission risk. Our objectives were to test for changes in movement and habitat selection in deer affected by CWD, and determine the timing of any changes we observed. We leveraged comprehensive movement and mortality data from a large study of free\u2010ranging deer in southwest Wisconsin, a region with high prevalence of CWD. We used necropsy data to identify end stage CWD cases with movement data leading up to death (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200944), and sex\u2010, date\u2010, and age\u2010matched test\u2010negative controls. Using GPS collar data, we identified extra\u2010home range excursions and tested for differences in excursion rates, distances, and durations between cases and controls. We evaluated movement characteristics (e.g., movement rates, weekly range sizes) and habitat selection for the two groups, using change point analysis to determine when behavior changes occurred during disease progression. Excursion distances were reduced for CWD cases but were otherwise largely unaffected by infection status. However, CWD cases moved at slower rates and maintained smaller ranges than controls. Habitat selection varied minimally between cases and controls, though CWD cases had an increased preference for proximity to forest edges. While changes in case movement rates and range sizes were detected at or before 6\u2009months prior to death, other movement and habitat selection changes appeared about 2\u2009months prior to death. In addition, CWD cases were frequently in good body condition even within 6\u2009months prior to death, implying that clinically apparent changes occur very late in the disease progression. Our results suggest the occurrence of subclinical and clinical phases of infection, beginning around 6 and 2\u2009months prior to death, respectively. Public communication may therefore benefit from emphasizing that CWD\u2010infected deer are infectious long before they appear sick. Further, because most movement changes occur for very short periods relative to the infectious period of CWD, typical healthy deer movement is likely adequate for representing transmission dynamics for surveillance and management planning.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.70338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:15:11Z","timestamp":1792800911000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Malady in motion: Effects of chronic wasting disease on host movement"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2142-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie L. J.","family":"Gilbertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7772-2445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit University of Montana  Missoula Montana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Storm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources  Eau Claire Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen","family":"Herbst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0302-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy C.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icu088","article-title":"Using Remote Biomonitoring to Understand Heterogeneity in Immune\u2010Responses and Disease\u2010Dynamics in Small, Free\u2010Living Animals","volume":"54","author":"Adelman J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integrative and Comparative Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icp028","article-title":"Vertebrate Sickness Behaviors: Adaptive and Integrated Neuroendocrine Immune Responses","volume":"49","author":"Adelman J. S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Integrative and Comparative Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A New Look at the Statistical Model Identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike H.","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-022-01817-9","article-title":"Ageing Red Deer Alter Their Spatial Behaviour and Become Less Social","volume":"6","author":"Albery G. F.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194694","article-title":"Animal Migration and Infectious Disease Risk","volume":"331","author":"Altizer S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v081.i12","article-title":"icenReg: Regression Models for Interval Censored Data in R","volume":"81","author":"Anderson\u2010Bergman C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11418","article-title":"Chronic Wasting Disease Alters the Movement Behavior and Habitat Use of Mule Deer During Clinical Stages of Infection","volume":"14","author":"Barrile G. M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Factors Influencing White\u2010Tailed Deer Activity Patterns and Habitat Use","volume":"109","author":"Beier P.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Wildlife Monographs"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1182","article-title":"Fatal Attraction in Rats Infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"267","author":"Berdoy M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings. Biological sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-026-00668-4","article-title":"Use of Deep Learning to Predict Chronic Wasting Disease Status Based on Animal Movement","volume":"14","author":"Blaha R. L.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Movement Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13661","article-title":"Examination of the Interaction Between Age\u2010Specific Predation and Chronic Disease in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","volume":"91","author":"Brandell E. E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007739","article-title":"Rabies\u2010Induced Behavioural Changes Are Key to Rabies Persistence in Dog Populations: Investigation Using a Network\u2010Based Model","volume":"13","author":"Brookes V. J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12559","article-title":"Ctmm: An R Package for Analyzing Animal Relocation Data as a Continuous\u2010Time Stochastic Process","volume":"7","author":"Calabrese J. M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"STL: A Seasonal\u2010Trend Decomposition","volume":"6","author":"Cleveland R. B.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Official Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"S131","article-title":"Evidence That Disgust Evolved to Protect from Risk of Disease","volume":"271","author":"Curtis V.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings. Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"Dancho M. andD.Vaughan.2023.\u201canomalize: Tidy Anomaly Detection.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=anomalize."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.4233","article-title":"Time\u2010Varying Habitat Selection Analysis: A Model and Applications for Studying Diel, Seasonal, and Post\u2010Release Changes","volume":"105","author":"Dejeante R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3010.240159","article-title":"Temporal Characterization of Prion Shedding in Secreta of White\u2010Tailed Deer in Longitudinal Study of Chronic Wasting Disease, United States","volume":"30","author":"Denkers N. D.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12917","article-title":"Going Through the Motions: Incorporating Movement Analyses Into Disease Research","volume":"21","author":"Dougherty E. R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21341","article-title":"Chronic Wasting Disease Influences Activity and Behavior in White\u2010Tailed Deer","volume":"82","author":"Edmunds D. R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161127","article-title":"Chronic Wasting Disease Drives Population Decline of White\u2010Tailed Deer","volume":"11","author":"Edmunds D. R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2006)016[1026:LCWDTM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Linking Chronic Wasting Disease to Mule Deer Movement Scales: A Hierarchical Bayesian Approach","volume":"16","author":"Farnsworth M. L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exact and Asymptotic Weighted Logrank Tests for Interval Censored Data: The Interval R Package","volume":"36","author":"Fay M. P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1644\/07-MAMM-A-277.1","article-title":"Understanding Variation in Autumn Migration of Northern White\u2010Tailed Deer by Long\u2010Term Study","volume":"89","author":"Fieberg J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1890\/14-2010.1","article-title":"Rigorous Home Range Estimation with Movement Data: A New Autocorrelated Kernel Density Estimator","volume":"96","author":"Fleming C. H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"Gelman A. andY. S.Su.2024.\u201cPackage \u2018arm\u2019: Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel\/Hierarchical Models.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=arm."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"Gilbertson M.2026.\u201cmjones029\/CWD_Movement: Initial_Release (Version v1.0.0).\u201dZenodo. [Computer Software]https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.21983272."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"803","article-title":"Cause of Death, Pathology, and Chronic Wasting Disease Status of White\u2010Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Mortalities in Wisconsin, USA","volume":"58","author":"Gilbertson M. L. J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-022-00342-5","article-title":"Agricultural Land Use Shapes Dispersal in White\u2010Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)","volume":"10","author":"Gilbertson M. L. J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Movement Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wmon.70001","article-title":"White\u2010Tailed Deer Habitat Use and Implications for Chronic Wasting Disease Transmission","volume":"217","author":"Gilbertson M. L. J.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wildlife Monographs"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-24-00020","article-title":"Effective Field Sampling of Rectoanal Mucosa\u2013Associated Lymphoid Tissue for Antemortem Chronic Wasting Disease Testing in White\u2010Tailed Deer","volume":"60","author":"Gilbertson M. L. J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07114-4","article-title":"Sick Without Signs. Subclinical Infections Reduce Local Movements, Alter Habitat Selection, and Cause Demographic Shifts","volume":"7","author":"Grabow M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.2193\/0022-541X(2006)70[546:DPAHVO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Demographic Patterns and Harvest Vulnerability of Chronic Wasting Disease Infected White\u2010Tailed Deer in Wisconsin","volume":"70","author":"Grear D. A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2010.01813.x","article-title":"Influence of Genetic Relatedness and Spatial Proximity on Chronic Wasting Disease Infection Among Female White\u2010Tailed Deer: Social Transmission of CWD","volume":"47","author":"Grear D. A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66379-9","article-title":"Compared to What? Finding Controls for Case\u2010Control Studies","volume":"365","author":"Grimes D. A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1824","key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","article-title":"Ecological Traps: Current Evidence and Future Directions","volume":"283","author":"Hale R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings. Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224342","article-title":"Estimating Relative CWD Susceptibility and Disease Progression in Farmed White\u2010Tailed Deer with Rare PRNP Alleles","volume":"14","author":"Haley N. J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","unstructured":"Hartig F.2022.\u201cDHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi\u2010Level\/Mixed) Regression Models.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=DHARMa."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","volume-title":"Southwest Wisconsin White\u2010Tailed Deer Prion Protein Gene Sequences","author":"Herbst A. J.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216223","article-title":"Right on Track? Performance of Satellite Telemetry in Terrestrial Wildlife Research","volume":"14","author":"Hofman M. P. G.","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9794","article-title":"Influence of Natal Habitat Preference on Habitat Selection During Extra\u2010Home Range Movements in a Large Ungulate","volume":"13","author":"Hooven N. D.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71589","article-title":"The Breeding Season and Movement Ecology of Male White\u2010Tailed Deer in Southwest Wisconsin","volume":"15","author":"Hunsaker M. A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091043","article-title":"Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease in Wisconsin White\u2010Tailed Deer: Implications for Disease Spread and Management","volume":"9","author":"Jennelle C. S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.3.576","article-title":"Prion Protein Gene Heterogeneity in Free\u2010Ranging White\u2010Tailed Deer Within the Chronic Wasting Disease Affected Region of Wisconsin","volume":"39","author":"Johnson C.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81615-0","article-title":"Prion Protein Polymorphisms in White\u2010Tailed Deer Influence Susceptibility to Chronic Wasting Disease","volume":"87","author":"Johnson C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017450","article-title":"Prion Protein Polymorphisms Affect Chronic Wasting Disease Progression","volume":"6","author":"Johnson C. J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.14109","article-title":"Pathogen\u2010Mediated Selection and Management Implications for White\u2010Tailed Deer Exposed to Chronic Wasting Disease","volume":"59","author":"Ketz A. C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR201914038","article-title":"Chronic Wasting Disease and Implications for Cervid Populations","volume":"2019","author":"Ketz A. C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"CABI Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"A Field Technique for Evaluating Physical Condition of Deer","volume":"8","author":"Kistner T. P.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","volume-title":"Survival Analysis: A Self\u2010Learning Text","author":"Kleinbaum D. G.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2013.06.002","article-title":"Reality Mining of Animal Social Systems","volume":"28","author":"Krause J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindel\u00f8v J. K.2020.\u201cmcp: An R Package for Regression With Multiple Change Points.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/fzqxv.","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/fzqxv"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31790","article-title":"Infection\u2010Induced Behavioural Changes Reduce Connectivity and the Potential for Disease Spread in Wild Mice Contact Networks","volume":"6","author":"Lopes P. C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192895561.003.0014","volume-title":"Animal Behavior and Parasitism","author":"Lopes P. C.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14032","article-title":"Defining an Epidemiological Landscape That Connects Movement Ecology to Pathogen Transmission and Pace\u2010of\u2010Life","volume":"25","author":"Manlove K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005916","article-title":"Infectious Prions in Pre\u2010Clinical Deer and Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease Solely by Environmental Exposure","volume":"4","author":"Mathiason C. K.","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10144-007-0068-y","article-title":"Forest Edge Creates Small\u2010Scale Variation in Reproductive Rate of Sika Deer","volume":"50","author":"Miyashita T.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Population Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3996\/JFWM-23-015","article-title":"Environmental Drivers and Fitness Consequences of Partial Migration Under Climate Change","volume":"15","author":"Morrison M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Ecology of White\u2010Tailed Deer in an Intensively Farmed Region of Illinois","volume":"118","author":"Nixon C. M.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Wildlife Monographs"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.387","article-title":"Incorporating Foray Behavior into Models Estimating Contact Risk Between Bighorn Sheep and Areas Occupied by Domestic Sheep","volume":"38","author":"O'Brien J. M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.1999.10474804","article-title":"Extending the Iterative Convex Minorant Algorithm to the Cox Model for Interval\u2010Censored Data","volume":"8","author":"Pan W.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0532","article-title":"The Influence of Social and Spatial Processes on the Epidemiology of Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens in Wildlife: Implications for Management","volume":"379","author":"Pandey A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/jem.33","article-title":"Wildlife as Sentinels for Human Health Hazards: A Review of Study Designs","volume":"1","author":"Rabinowitz P. M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12422","article-title":"Raccoon Contact Networks Predict Seasonal Susceptibility to Rabies Outbreaks and Limitations of Vaccination","volume":"84","author":"Reynolds J. J. H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2006)87[1075:AFFUET]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Framework for Understanding Ecological Traps and an Evaluation of Existing Evidence","volume":"87","author":"Robertson B. A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4161\/pri.19640","article-title":"The Role of Genetics in Chronic Wasting Disease of North American Cervids","volume":"6","author":"Robinson S. J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.04.011","article-title":"Pathological Manifestations of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Infection in Wild African Lions","volume":"390","author":"Roelke M. E.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.2193\/2006-027","article-title":"Survival of White\u2010Tailed Deer Fawns in Southern Illinois","volume":"71","author":"Rohm J. H.","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2023.120969","article-title":"Selection Rankings of Woody Species for White\u2010Tailed Deer Vary with Browse Intensity and Landscape Context Within the Central Hardwood Forest Region","volume":"537","author":"Sample R. D.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forest Ecology and Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13903","article-title":"Disgust in Animals and the Application of Disease Avoidance to Wildlife Management and Conservation","volume":"92","author":"Sarabian C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2193\/2005-546","article-title":"Effects of Joint Space Use and Group Membership on Contact Rates Among White\u2010Tailed Deer","volume":"71","author":"Schauber E. M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Biology and Management of White\u2010Tailed Deer","author":"Stewart K. M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.457","article-title":"Estimating Ages of White\u2010Tailed Deer: Age and Sex Patterns of Error Using Tooth Wear\u2010and\u2010Replacement and Consistency of Cementum Annuli","volume":"38","author":"Storm D. J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","unstructured":"Therneau T. M.2024.\u201cA Package for Survival Analysis in R.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=survival."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3294-8","volume-title":"Modeling Survival Data: Extending the Cox Model","author":"Therneau T. M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-3933-2-4","article-title":"Applications of Step\u2010Selection Functions in Ecology and Conservation","volume":"2","author":"Thurfjell H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Movement Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14207","article-title":"Searching While Sick: How Does Disease Affect Foraging Decisions and Contact Rates?","volume":"37","author":"Tillman F. E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Functional Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","first-page":"501","volume-title":"Biology and Management of White\u2010Tailed Deer","author":"VerCauteren K. C.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608310104","article-title":"Behavioral Changes Induced by Toxoplasma Infection of Rodents Are Highly Specific to Aversion of Cat Odors","volume":"104","author":"Vyas A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-009-9374-4","article-title":"Regional Assessment on Influence of Landscape Configuration and Connectivity on Range Size of White\u2010Tailed Deer","volume":"24","author":"Walter W. D.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landscape Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1997.10474049","article-title":"A Hybrid Algorithm for Computation of the Nonparametric Maximum Likelihood Estimator from Censored Data","volume":"92","author":"Wellner J. A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.04527","article-title":"Covariation Between the Physiological and Behavioral Components of Pathogen Transmission: Host Heterogeneity Determines Epidemic Outcomes","volume":"127","author":"White L. A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.42-5-530","article-title":"Chronic Wasting Disease","volume":"42","author":"Williams E. S.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1340","article-title":"Chronic Wasting Disease in Deer and Elk in North America","volume":"21","author":"Williams E. S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Revue Scientifique et Technique"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2307\/3803123","article-title":"Chronic Wasting Disease of Deer and Elk: A Review with Recommendations for Management","volume":"66","author":"Williams E. S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","unstructured":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.2022.\u201cCWD Prevalence in Wisconsin.\u201dhttps:\/\/dnr.wisconsin.gov\/topic\/WildlifeHabitat\/prevalence.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08941920.2025.2496897","article-title":"Let Nature Take Its Course: Attitudes and Knowledge of Chronic Wasting Disease Among Southeastern Minnesota Amish Deer Hunters","volume":"38","author":"Yoder C. M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Society & Natural Resources"}],"container-title":["Ecological Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eap.70338","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/eap.70338","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eap.70338","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:15:27Z","timestamp":1792800927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eap.70338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eap.70338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eap.70338","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1051-0761","1939-5582"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1051-0761","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-5582","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70338"}}