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Research on within\u2010person predictors of change (i.e., variations within patients over time) may provide novel and clinically useful information. To illustrate, we test the theory that within patients, self\u2010compassion, self\u2010criticism, shame, and eating disorder symptoms reciprocally influence one another over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventy\u2010eight patients with an eating disorder completed the Self\u2010Compassion Scale, Experience of Shame Scale, and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire every three weeks across 12 weeks of treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multilevel modeling revealed that following periods of increased shame, a patient's eating pathology was more severe than usual. Following periods of increased self\u2010compassion or decreased eating pathology, a patient's level of shame was lower than usual. Between\u2010person differences in the relationships among study variables also emerged.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results support the theory that shame and eating pathology influence one another cyclically within patients over time, and suggest that time\u2010dependent increases in self\u2010compassion may interrupt this cycle. If replicated, these results might suggest that assessing and intervening with increases in a patient's level of shame may help to reduce her eating pathology, and improving a patient's level of self\u2010compassion or eating disorder symptomology may lower her subsequent experiences of shame. Findings highlight the value of administering and examining repeatedly measured within\u2010person predictors of change during eating disorders treatment, and suggest that it may be clinically important to attend to the changes that occur within a given patient over time. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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