{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:43:42Z","timestamp":1791427422190,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl J Eating Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is disagreement about the conceptualization and measurement of pathological exercise (PE). This study seeks to elucidate the nature of this phenomenon as addictive or compulsive in its primary and secondary forms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>1,497 adults (608 men, 885 women, 4 other) completed a set of validated surveys, including the Godin Leisure\u2010Time Exercise Questionnaire, the Exercise Dependence Scale\u201021, the Exercise Addiction Inventory, the Compulsive Exercise Test (CET), the Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire, the Commitment to Exercise Scale, and an exercise specific adaptation of the Dimensional Obsessive\u2010Compulsive Scale (ESDOCS). Participants completed the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire, and DSM\u20105 eating disorder (ED) diagnoses were determined according to published guidelines. Pearson correlation coefficients, independent samples <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests, \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> tests, 1\u2010way ANOVA's, and ANCOVA's were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All PE measures correlated highly with one another (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Participants with EDs scored higher on all measures than those without (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and those with bulimia nervosa had the highest scores. Participants with PE and an accompanying ED (secondary PE) scored higher than those with PE and no ED symptoms (primary ED) on the CET (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.002) and ESDOCS (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.003). Correlations between EDE\u2010Q and PE scores were stronger among women than men. PE prevalence was 6.4% (1.4% primary PE, 5.0% secondary PE) in our heterogeneous sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secondary PE appears to be more compulsive while primary PE is more addictive in nature. Men and women are equally at risk for PE, but in men it is more often primary and addictive and in women it is more often secondary and compulsive. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:778\u2013792)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,21]],"date-time":"2016-05-21T23:21:04Z","timestamp":1463872864000},"page":"778-792","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Conceptualizing primary and secondary pathological exercise using available measures of excessive exercise"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Hayley E.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Furman University, Department of Health Sciences  Greenville, South Carolina 29613"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Silas","family":"Pearman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Furman University, Department of Health Sciences  Greenville, South Carolina 29613"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Brewerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina 29425"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2011.639120"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066350310001637363"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066350600903302"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20948"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.1108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2012.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.32.2.253"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8104069"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45378-6_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0887044022000004894"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10879-009-9117-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(90)90023-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.5.393"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/106402602753573559"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.35.5.464","article-title":"Primary and secondary exercise dependence in a community\u2010based sample of road race runners","volume":"35","author":"Cook B","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610393980"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500002205","article-title":"Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk","volume":"5","author":"Paolacci G","year":"2010","journal-title":"Judgm Decis Mak"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"Psychosocial Factors Influencing Intentions to Exercise of Young Students [dissertation]","author":"Godin G.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community","volume":"10","author":"Godin G","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can J Appl Sport Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"The Godin\u2010Shephard leisure\u2010time physical activity questionnaire","volume":"4","author":"Godin G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Fit J Can"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199403000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","unstructured":"Hausenblas H Symons Downs D. Exercise Dependence Scale 21 Manual [Measurement instrument manual].2001. Retrieved from:http:\/\/hausenblasheather.com\/manual.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13665629610116872"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(198811)7:6<759::AID-EAT2260070605>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/106402602753573540"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244013502985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.15.3.338","article-title":"Psychological characteristics of the obligatory runner: A critical examination of the anorexia analogue hypothesis","volume":"15","author":"Coen SP","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00844722"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018260"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID-EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","first-page":"309","volume-title":"Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders","author":"Fairburn CG","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Binge Eating: Nature, Assessment and Treatment","author":"Fairburn CG","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00161-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.1.2012.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.045138"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Eating Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Feat.22551","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eat.22551","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T12:55:29Z","timestamp":1694868929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eat.22551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eat.22551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.22551","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0276-3478","1098-108X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0276-3478","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-108X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]}}}