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However, the extent to which individual BPD symptoms are elevated in patients with EDs is largely unknown. Meta\u2010analyses examined: (1) which of the nine BPD symptoms are especially elevated in individuals with versus without EDs, (2) whether particular ED subtypes have elevated levels of certain BPD symptoms, and (3) which BPD symptoms remain unstudied\/understudied in relation to EDs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed nine separate meta\u2010analyses (one for each BPD symptom) to compare levels of symptoms in patients with EDs versus healthy controls. A total of 122 studies (range\u00a0=\u00a04\u201334 studies across symptoms) were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Affective instability was the BPD symptom most elevated, while anger was the BPD symptom least elevated, in patients with EDs compared to controls. When comparing effect sizes across ED subtypes, anorexia nervosa binge\u2010eating\/purging subtype had the largest effect sizes for the greatest number of BPD symptoms, while effect sizes for AN restrictive subtype were not significantly larger than those of other EDs for any BPD symptom. The least studied BPD symptoms were identity disturbance and interpersonal difficulties.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These meta\u2010analyses suggest that certain symptoms of BPD play a more prominent role in the comorbidity between BPD and EDs than others. Targeting affective instability when treating cases of comorbid ED and BPD may be especially likely to ameliorate the negative outcomes related to this comorbidity. Future research should further investigate identity disturbance and interpersonal difficulties in the context of EDs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Public Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Having an eating disorder and borderline personality disorder is a common comorbidity associated with a severe clinical presentation. BPD is characterized by nine distinct symptoms. This research examined levels of individual BPD symptoms in patients with versus without EDs. Findings can guide researchers and clinicians towards studying and treating symptoms that may be most relevant for BPD\u2010ED comorbidity and in turn, improve outcomes for these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T09:04:49Z","timestamp":1652778289000},"page":"993-1011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Eating disorders and the nine symptoms of borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and series of meta\u2010analyses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6014-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexia E.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7484-5554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittoria","family":"Trolio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aman\u00e9","family":"Halicki\u2010Asakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of British Columbia Okanagan  Kelowna British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2700-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Racine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder and disordered eating behaviour: The mediating role of rejection sensitivity","volume":"28","author":"Al\u2010Salom P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10640260902848576"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090618"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borenstein M. 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