{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:47:23Z","timestamp":1790599643797,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T34GM008303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T34GM008303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MD012698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MD012698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1842470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1842470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Eating Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the tripartite influence model, appearance\u2010ideal internalization is identified as a prominent risk factor for the development of body dissatisfaction and subsequent eating disorder (ED) behaviors. For men, prior research has emphasized the importance of both thin\u2010ideal internalization and muscular\u2010ideal internalization in explaining later ED behaviors and muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms. Previous research in heterosexual men has shown that the associations between muscular\u2010ideal internalization and ED or MD symptoms may depend on whether the individual has also internalized the thin ideal. However, this interaction has not been examined in research with sexual minority men (SMM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study collected self\u2010report data from 452 at risk SMM (i.e., endorsed body dissatisfaction), with ages ranging from 18 to 35\u2009years. Linear regression models were conducted to test the interaction effects between thinness and muscularity internalization on ED symptoms, MD behaviors, and general body dissatisfaction. Simple slopes and the Johnson\u2013Neyman technique were used to investigate significant interaction terms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thin\u2010 and muscular\u2010ideal internalization were positively associated with muscular appearance intolerance and dietary restriction with no significant interaction. Muscular drive for size was highest when both muscularity internalization and thinness internalization were high. Muscular\u2010ideal internalization was positively associated with both cognitive restraint and general body dissatisfaction, but only at lower levels of thinness internalization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the interacting association between thinness and muscularity internalization and aspects of body dissatisfaction, attitudes, and behavior, prevention and intervention programs for EDs and MDs in SMM should seek to dismantle both thinness and muscularity internalization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Public Significance Statement<\/jats:title><jats:p>Internalizing\u2014or adopting as one's own\u2014the ideal of a body with low body fat and high muscularity has been shown to lead to muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder symptoms in men. The current study examines whether the combination of thin\u2010ideal and muscular\u2010ideal internalization is associated with worse symptoms than either facet alone in sexual minority men. Treatment efforts in sexual minority men should address both types of internalization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T08:08:15Z","timestamp":1666253295000},"page":"1765-1776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Internalization of muscularity and thinness ideals: Associations with body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, and muscle dysmorphic symptoms in at risk sexual minority men"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0073-6053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra D.","family":"Convertino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University\/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9603-4595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connor I.","family":"Elbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Sciences San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9816-6292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca R.","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Sciences San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4656-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerel P.","family":"Calzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Institute for Behavioral and Community Health San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7349-7228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Sciences San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0620-2597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaclyn A.","family":"Siegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Sciences San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8479-698X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee\u2010Jin","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Institute for Behavioral and Community Health San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2553-6165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather L.","family":"Corliss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Institute for Behavioral and Community Health San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4727-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Blashill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University\/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology  San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Sciences San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941211000659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2010.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22724"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920\u2010017\u20100801\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028964"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01293"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098\u2010108X(199412)16:4<363::AID\u2010EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2\u2010#"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics","author":"Field A.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032639"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919847202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199\u2010017\u20100850\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2050\u20102974\u20101\u201015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression\u2010based approach","author":"Hayes A. F.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101896"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2004.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02288864"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020982"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2013.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22844"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012473"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137286"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.129.5.674"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.327"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.168427"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010021\u201003302\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000012445176"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2021.101511"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098\u2010108X(199907)26:1<65::AID\u2010EAT8>3.0.CO;2\u2010D"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.636"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.11.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1524\u20109220.6.3.209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22590"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23226"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2011.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10312-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108721.00144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19359705.2019.1706683"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2011.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2011.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00887"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Eating Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eat.23829","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/eat.23829","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eat.23829","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T07:35:32Z","timestamp":1692516932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eat.23829"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eat.23829"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23829","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0276-3478","1098-108X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0276-3478","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-108X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}