{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:42:15Z","timestamp":1792082535109,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Eating Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This primary care study examined time trends in the incidence of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) in the Netherlands across four decades.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A nationwide network of general practitioners, serving approximately 1% of the total Dutch population, recorded newly diagnosed patients with AN and BN in their practices from 1985 to 2019 (2,890,978 person\u2010years). DSM\u2010IV diagnostic criteria were consistently used and the same psychiatrist was responsible for the final diagnostic decision. Incidence rates (IRs) were calculated for: the total population (all ages), females overall, and females per 5\u2010year age category. Time trends in IRs were analyzed using JoinPoint regression analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In four decades, the incidence of AN among 10\u2010 to 14\u2010year\u2010old females increased significantly from 8.6 to 38.6 per 100,000 person\u2010years (average period percentage change [APPC]\u2009=\u200956.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20096.5\u2013130.6. The overall incidence of AN was stable, with IRs ranging from 6.0 (95% CI\u2009=\u20094.3\u20138.1) to 8.4 (95% CI\u2009=\u20096.4\u201310.8). The IR of BN decreased significantly from 8.7 (95% CI\u2009=\u20096.7\u201311.0) to 3.2 (95% CI\u2009=\u20092.0\u20134.9) in the 2000s, before leveling off in the 2010s (IR 3.2; 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.0\u20134.8).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of AN among 10\u2010 to 14\u2010year\u2010old girls increased significantly over four decades. Both biological and sociocultural factors, for example, early pubertal timing and the impact of social media, might explain this. In other age groups and overall, the incidence of AN remained stable. The significant decrease of the incidence of BN in the previous decades halted in the last decade.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Public Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>An important finding of the present study is that for 10\u2010 to 14\u2010year\u2010old girls, the risk for developing anorexia nervosa has increased significantly over 40\u2009years. More healthcare facilities for younger people are needed, and prevention programs could include social media use. For bulimia nervosa, the general decrease in the occurrence of new cases has halted in the 2010s.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T14:11:00Z","timestamp":1695996660000},"page":"2295-2303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Increase in incidence of anorexia nervosa among 10\u2010 to 14\u2010year\u2010old girls: A nationwide study in the Netherlands over four decades"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7847-296X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annelies E.","family":"van Eeden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parnassia Psychiatric Institute  The Hague the Netherlands"},{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2956-059X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daphne","family":"van Hoeken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parnassia Psychiatric Institute  The Hague the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9724-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janneke M. T.","family":"Hendriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nivel Primary Care Database Sentinel Practices  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6353-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans W.","family":"Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parnassia Psychiatric Institute  The Hague the Netherlands"},{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12507"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"CBS. (2021).Meer volwassenen met ernstig overgewicht tevreden met gewicht. [More adults with overweight satisfied with body weight].https:\/\/www.cbs.nl\/nl-nl\/nieuws\/2021\/34\/meer-volwassenen-met-ernstig-overgewicht-tevreden-met-gewicht"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"CBS. (2022).Lengte en gewicht van personen ondergewicht en overgewicht; vanaf 1981. [Height and weight of persons underweight and overweight; since 1981].https:\/\/www.cbs.nl\/nl-nl\/cijfers\/detail\/81565NED?dl=5785C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Nivel zorgregistraties eerste lijn\u2014Peilstations 2015 [Nivel primary care database\u2014Sentinel practices 2015]","author":"Donker G. A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"Nivel Zorgregistraties eerste lijn\u2014Peilstations 2016 [Nivel primary care database\u2014Sentinel practices 2016]","author":"Donker G. A.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"Nivel Zorgregistraties eerste lijn\u2014Peilstations 2017 [Nivel primary care database\u2014Sentinel practices 2017]","author":"Donker G. A.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"Nivel Zorgregistraties Eerste Lijn\u2014Peilstations 2018 [Nivel primary care database\u2014Sentinel practices 2018]","author":"Donker G. A.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5881"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Mental illness in the community: The pathway to psychiatric care","author":"Goldberg D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291700020560"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.9.1272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.4.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199804233381717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Peilstations jaarrapport 2019 en 2020. Nivel Zorgregistraties Eerste Lijn. [Nivel primary care database\u2014Sentinel practices 2019 and 2020]","author":"Jansen T.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"Joinpoint Regression Program(2021)(Version 4.9.0.0 \u2013 March 2021).Statistical Methodology and Applications Branch Surveillance Research Program National Cancer Institute."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.747"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<335::aid-sim336>3.0.co;2-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23256"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113824"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","unstructured":"Netwerk Mediawijsheid. (2021).Monitor Mediagebruik kinderen 7\u201012 jaar. [Monitor media use children 7\u201012\u2009years].https:\/\/netwerkmediawijsheid.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/02\/Monitor-mediagebruik-7-12-jaar.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22949"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.2325"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2021.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171500272X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 13","author":"StataCorp","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000739"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000641"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.021378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026691"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). (2003).International Classification of Primary Care 2nd edition (ICPC\u20102).https:\/\/www.who.int\/standards\/classifications\/other-classifications\/international-classification-of-primary-care"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720002706"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Eating Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eat.24064","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T06:19:13Z","timestamp":1703917153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eat.24064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eat.24064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.24064","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0276-3478","1098-108X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0276-3478","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-108X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}