{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:17:50Z","timestamp":1783012670102,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24MH135189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24MH135189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Eating Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eating disorder (ED) symptoms have been studied in adults with other rare genetic conditions but not in Williams syndrome (WS). This study examined the prevalence of ED symptoms in adults with WS and associated clinical and demographic factors. We hypothesized that a proportion would screen positive for an ED, primarily with avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) or binge\u2010eating presentations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults with WS completed modified versions of the Eating Disorder Assessment for DSM\u20105 and the Pica, ARFID, and Rumination Disorder Questionnaire, administered as semi\u2010structured interviews by trained research staff. Participants also completed a medical history questionnaire. We used descriptive and between\u2010group analyses to examine clinical and demographic characteristics of ED\u2010positive and ED\u2010negative groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 86 participants, more than one quarter (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200924, 28%; 95% CI [20%, 38%]) screened positive for an ED. Adults who screened positive for an ED most commonly had binge\u2010type EDs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915, 63%; 95% CI [43%, 79%]) and ARFID\u2010type EDs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097, 29%; 95% CI [15%, 49%]). Of those who screened positive, 96% reported they had never been previously diagnosed with an ED.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study provides initial evidence of a high frequency of positive ED screens in adults with WS, most commonly ARFID\u2010type and binge\u2010type EDs. Our findings also suggest that, while prevalent in WS, EDs typically go undetected, and that it may be difficult to identify at\u2010risk individuals. There is a need to validate ED screeners for adults with WS to enhance detection and access to care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.70070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T08:50:37Z","timestamp":1774428637000},"page":"1543-1551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eating Disorder Screening in Adults With Williams Syndrome: A Preliminary Report"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4460-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Dunford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8189-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Renzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics &amp; Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8762-2453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Bitar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroendocrine Unit Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6119-7636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidan","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics &amp; Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2601-581X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8026-6970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn P.","family":"Thom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Lurie Center for Autism Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4210-7634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara R.","family":"Pober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics &amp; Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics (Emeritus) Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.63993"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900561959"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13195"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.63827"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23047"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337\u2010022\u201000706\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","unstructured":"Deloitte Access Economics.2020.\u201cThe Social and Economic Cost of Eating Disorders in the United States of America.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/striped\/report\u2010economic\u2010costs\u2010of\u2010eating\u2010disorders\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12303"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102788.2000.00308.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679\u2010023\u201000517\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20101809.1955.tb01285.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.15m01896"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/0895\u20108017(2004)109<501:POEDIA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2006.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00312"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12086"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00598"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.59.7.605"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30263"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/lle18.3.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337\u2010015\u20100058\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","volume-title":"GeneReviews\u00ae","author":"Morris C. 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