{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:06:11Z","timestamp":1787659571778,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Eating Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to obtain health information, including guidance on child and adolescent mental health. In anorexia nervosa (AN), where early recognition and timely intervention are critical, the accuracy of AI\u2010generated information available to parents may have important clinical implications. This study evaluated the performance of LLMs in responding to parent\u2010oriented questions about AN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comparative model evaluation was conducted using three conversational AI systems: ChatGPT (GPT\u20104o), Google Gemini, and DeepSeek. Twenty questions representative of those frequently asked by parents of adolescents with AN were identified through online content exploration and expert review. Each question was submitted using standardized prompts in separate chat sessions. Responses were anonymized and independently evaluated by two board\u2010certified child and adolescent psychiatrists across three dimensions: quality, usefulness, and reliability. Reproducibility was assessed through repeated queries in separate sessions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All three models demonstrated generally high levels of reliability and overall informational performance. ChatGPT achieved the highest overall accuracy (\u224892%) and reproducibility (\u224890%), followed by Gemini (\u224888% accuracy; \u224885% reproducibility) and DeepSeek (\u224886% accuracy; \u224883% reproducibility). Domain\u2010level analysis showed lower accuracy across models for diagnosis and clinical assessment questions. Qualitative error analysis indicated that the omission of clinically relevant information was the most common limitation, while DeepSeek produced more factual inaccuracies and Gemini more generalized guidance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LLMs may provide broadly accurate preliminary information for parents seeking guidance about AN. However, persistent omissions and domain\u2010specific variability highlight important limitations. AI\u2010generated information should therefore be regarded as a complementary resource rather than a replacement for professional clinical guidance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.70118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T10:47:19Z","timestamp":1776682039000},"page":"1764-1775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Comparative Evaluation of Three Large Language Models for Parent\u2010Centered Questions About Anorexia Nervosa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3526-5979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celal","family":"Ye\u015filkaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Konya Ere\u011fli State Hospital  Konya T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3389-7734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hande K\u0131r\u0131\u015fman","family":"Kele\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ba\u015fak\u015fehir \u00c7am and Sakura City Hospital Health Sciences University  Istanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9564-5121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esra Rabia","family":"Ta\u015fpolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry I\u011fd\u0131r Dr. Nevruz Erez State Hospital  I\u011fd\u0131r T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6507-8042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caner","family":"Mutlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Bursa Uluda\u011f University  Bursa T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6548-0629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serkan","family":"Turan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Bursa Uluda\u011f University  Bursa T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126\u2010025\u201010243\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337\u2010024\u201001130\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","unstructured":"Beat Eating Disorders.2024.\u201cAnorexia Nervosa.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk\/understanding\u2010eating\u2010disorders\/anorexia."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034\u2010025\u201000886\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337\u2010021\u201000449\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488\u2010021\u201001168\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12996\/gmj.2025.4451"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2019.1678980"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders","author":"Fairburn C. G.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_110_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","unstructured":"Hanafi A. M.Saad N.Zahran R. J.Hanafy andM. E.Fouda.2024.\u201cA Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models on Mental Illnesses (Version 2).\u201darXiv.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2409.15687."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2023.0248"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.13167"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19985"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/80371"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519\u2010023\u201001553\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","unstructured":"National Eating Disorders Association.2025.https:\/\/www.nationaleatingdisorders.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332917"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337\u2010023\u201000910\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/psychiatryint6040135"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045261421320"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","unstructured":"Shah S. A.Gupta A.Mann et\u00a0al.2025.\u201cEvaluating the Clinical Safety of LLMs in Response to High\u2010Risk Mental Health Disclosures (Version 1).\u201darXiv.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2509.08839."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Eating Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eat.70118","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/eat.70118","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eat.70118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T14:06:03Z","timestamp":1786025163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eat.70118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eat.70118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.70118","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0276-3478","1098-108X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0276-3478","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-108X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}