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Random effects models with the Hartung\u2013Knapp\u2013Sidik\u2013Jonkman method were used to estimate pooled effect sizes (standardized mean difference [\n SMD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ] with 95% confidence interval [\n CIs<\/jats:styled-content>\n ]).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We included 24 cross\u2010sectional studies with a total of 25,223 participants (67.7% female; mean age range: 14.9\u201349.6\u2009years).\n ED<\/jats:styled-content>\n symptoms did not differ significantly between participants who followed\n VVDs<\/jats:styled-content>\n and those following omnivorous diets in analyses including all eligible studies (\n SMD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u20090.07; 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n : \u22120.04 to 0.19;\n \n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2009=\u200980.3%; 95% prediction interval: \u22120.44 to 0.59). Results were unchanged when analyses were restricted to adult populations. No significant differences in\n ED<\/jats:styled-content>\n symptoms were observed according to diet type (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.524), measurement scale (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.392), or geographic region (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.633). In analyses restricted to adults, sex significantly moderated the pooled estimates (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.028), with studies including a higher proportion of females reporting lower\n ED<\/jats:styled-content>\n symptom scores among individuals following\n VVDs<\/jats:styled-content>\n compared with omnivores.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n ED symptom levels do not appear to differ significantly\u00a0between individuals following VVDs and those following omnivorous diets. Longitudinal studies accounting for dietary quality, duration of adherence, dietary motivations, and psychosocial factors are also needed to clarify this association.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.70158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T06:10:39Z","timestamp":1783491039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Are Vegetarian and Vegan Diets Associated With Eating Disorder Symptoms? 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