{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T20:58:08Z","timestamp":1785877088198,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Eating Disorders"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemiological evidence on muscle dysmorphia (MD) remains limited, and self\u2010report algorithm\u2010defined estimates may depend on sampling and case definitions. We examined how algorithm\u2010defined MD estimates and exploratory correlates varied across weighting and case\u2010definition scenarios in a gender\u2010balanced German online sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross\u2010sectional web\u2010based study, 1468 adults from Germany completed self\u2010report measures: 739 (50.3%) men, 706 (48.1%) women, 21 (1.4%) nonbinary\/diverse participants, and 2 (0.1%) who preferred not to disclose their gender. Algorithm\u2010defined MD was estimated using a self\u2010report algorithm derived from prior epidemiological work. Estimates were compared across four scenarios combining unweighted versus age\u2010 and gender\u2010weighted analyses with global versus gender\u2010specific criterion A cutoffs. Logistic regression models examined correlates across weighted and unweighted analytic specifications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Algorithm\u2010defined estimates varied substantially across operationalizations. The unweighted global algorithm yielded an estimate of 6.2% overall and 11.0% in men. The weighted gender\u2010specific scenario yielded 2.6% overall, 3.5% in men, and 1.7% in women. Across regression specifications, lower BMI and higher identity disturbance were the most consistent correlates of algorithm\u2010defined MD. Female gender showed lower odds in pooled models, particularly under the global cutoff, but this finding should be interpreted cautiously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self\u2010report algorithm\u2010defined MD may affect a meaningful minority of adults, but estimates depend strongly on weighting strategy and case definition. These findings highlight the need for transparent reporting of algorithmic operationalizations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.70170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:05:01Z","timestamp":1783652701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Algorithm\u2010Defined Muscle Dysmorphia Estimates Across Weighting and Case\u2010Definition Strategies in a Gender\u2010Balanced Adult Online Sample"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7643-5425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Zaiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy LWL\u2010University Clinic, Ruhr\u2010University Bochum  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0213-5171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora M.","family":"Laskowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy LWL\u2010University Clinic, Ruhr\u2010University Bochum  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9529-2215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Halbeisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business Administration and Economics OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts  Lemgo Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3688-5141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marietta","family":"Lieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy LWL\u2010University Clinic, Ruhr\u2010University Bochum  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2069-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Paslakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy LWL\u2010University Clinic, Ruhr\u2010University Bochum  Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"DSM\u20105: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.120","article-title":"Psychosocial Factors Underlying Symptoms of Muscle Dysmorphia in a Non\u2010Clinical Sample of Men","volume":"272","author":"B\u00e9gin C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751\u20105823.2010.00112.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703008237","article-title":"The Vulnerable Attachment Style Questionnaire (VASQ): An Interview\u2010Based Measure of Attachment Styles That Predict Depressive Disorder","volume":"33","author":"Bifulco A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3149\/jmh.0802.143","article-title":"Are Anxiety and Obsessive\u2010Compulsive Symptoms Related to Muscle Dysmorphia","volume":"8","author":"Chandler C. 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