{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:36:03Z","timestamp":1776472563703,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":312,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]],"date-time":"2014-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evid.\u2010Based Child Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preventing active tuberculosis (TB) from developing in people with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is important for global TB control. Isoniazid (INH) for six to nine months has 60% to 90% protective efficacy, but the treatment period is long, liver toxicity is a problem, and completion rates outside trials are only around 50%. Rifampicin or rifamycin\u2010combination treatments are shorter and may result in higher completion rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the effects of rifampicin monotherapy or rifamycin\u2010combination therapy versus INH monotherapy for preventing active TB in HIV\u2010negative people at risk of developing active TB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Search methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched the Cochrane Infectious Disease Group Specialized Register; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE; EMBASE; LILACS; clinical trials registries; regional databases; conference proceedings; and references, without language restrictions to December 2012; and contacted experts for relevant published, unpublished and ongoing trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Selection criteria<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of HIV\u2010negative adults and children at risk of active TB treated with rifampicin, or rifamycin\u2010combination therapy with or without INH (any dose or duration), compared with INH for six to nine months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data collection and analysis<\/jats:title><jats:p>At least two authors independently screened and selected trials, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data. We sought clarifications from trial authors. We pooled relative risks (RRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs), using a random\u2010effects model if heterogeneity was significant. We assessed overall evidence quality using the GRADE approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten trials are included, enrolling 10,717 adults and children, mostly HIV\u2010negative (2% HIV\u2010positive), with a follow\u2010up period ranging from two to five years.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:styled-content>Rifampicin (three\/four months) vs. INH (six months)<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:p><jats:p>Five trials published between 1992 to 2012 compared these regimens, and one small 1992 trial in adults with silicosis did not detect a difference in the occurrence of TB over five years of follow up (one trial, 312 participants;<jats:italic>very low quality evidence<\/jats:italic>). However, more people in these trials completed the shorter course (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.30; five trials, 1768 participants;<jats:italic>moderate quality evidence<\/jats:italic>). Treatment\u2010limiting adverse events were not significantly different (four trials, 1674 participants;<jats:italic>very low quality evidence<\/jats:italic>), but rifampicin caused less hepatotoxicity (RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.30; four trials, 1674 participants;<jats:italic>moderate quality evidence<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:styled-content>Rifampicin plus INH (three months) vs. INH (six months)<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:p><jats:p>The 1992 silicosis trial did not detect a difference between people receiving rifampicin plus INH compared to INH alone for occurrence of active TB (one trial, 328 participants;<jats:italic>very low quality evidence<\/jats:italic>). Adherence was similar in this and a 1998 trial in people without silicosis (two trials, 524 participants;<jats:italic>high quality evidence<\/jats:italic>). No difference was detected for treatment\u2010limiting adverse events (two trials, 536 participants;<jats:italic>low quality evidence<\/jats:italic>), or hepatotoxicity (two trials, 536 participants;<jats:italic>low quality evidence<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:styled-content>Rifampicin plus pyrazinamide (two months) vs. INH (six months)<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:p><jats:p>Three small trials published in 1994, 2003, and 2005 compared these two regimens, and two reported a low occurrence of active TB, with no statistically significant differences between treatment regimens (two trials, 176 participants;<jats:italic>very low quality evidence<\/jats:italic>) though, apart from one child from the 1994 trial, these data on active TB were from the 2003 trial in adults with silicosis. Adherence with both regimens was low with no statistically significant differences (four trials, 700 participants;<jats:italic>very low quality evidence<\/jats:italic>). However, people receiving rifampicin plus pyrazinamide had more treatment\u2010limiting adverse events (RR 3.61, 95% CI 1.82 to 7.19; two trials, 368 participants;<jats:italic>high quality evidence<\/jats:italic>), and hepatotoxicity (RR 4.59, 95% 2.14 to 9.85; three trials, 540 participants;<jats:italic>moderate quality evidence<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:styled-content>Weekly, directly\u2010observed rifapentine plus INH (three months) vs. daily, self\u2010administered INH (nine months)<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:p><jats:p>A large trial conducted from 2001 to 2008 among close contacts of TB in the USA, Canada, Brazil and Spain found directly observed weekly treatment to be non\u2010inferior to nine months self\u2010administered INH for the incidence of active TB (0.2% vs 0.4%, RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.07, one trial, 7731 participants;<jats:italic>moderate quality evidence<\/jats:italic>). The directly\u2010observed, shorter regimen had higher treatment completion (82% vs 69%, RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.22,<jats:italic>moderate quality evidence),<\/jats:italic>and less hepatotoxicity (0.4% versus 2.4%; RR 0.16, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.27;<jats:italic>high quality evidence<\/jats:italic>), though treatment\u2010limiting adverse events were more frequent (4.9% versus 3.7%; RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.64<jats:italic>moderate quality evidence<\/jats:italic>)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Authors' conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trials to date of shortened prophylactic regimens using rifampicin alone have not demonstrated higher rates of active TB when compared to longer regimens with INH. Treatment completion is probably higher and adverse events may be fewer with shorter rifampicin regimens. Shortened regimens of rifampicin with INH may offer no advantage over longer INH regimens. Rifampicin combined with pyrazinamide is associated with more adverse events. A weekly regimen of rifapentine plus INH has higher completion rates, and less liver toxicity, though treatment discontinuation due to adverse events is probably more likely than with INH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Plain Language Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Alternatives to isoniazid monotherapy for preventing active tuberculosis in HIV\u2010negative persons<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that is caused by a bacterial infection that affects an estimated two billion people (about a third of the world's population). However, most people have dormant (latent) infections and only a small percentage of people infected with TB will develop an active disease. Preventing latent TB infection (LTBI) developing into active TB, through the use of drugs, is an important part of global TB control. Treatment with the drug isoniazid for six months is recommended, but the treatment period is long, it can cause liver damage, and only about half of the people who start this drug treatment complete it.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The authors of this review evaluated alternatives to isoniazid monotherapy in HIV\u2010negative people with LTBI. They identified 10 randomized controlled trials that included 10,717 adults and children, who were mostly HIV\u2010negative, with a follow\u2010up period ranging from two to five years.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Rifampicin for three to four months may give quite similar results to isoniazid for six months in preventing TB, and may cause fewer side effects. As the treatment period with rifampicin is shorter, it may result in more people completing treatment. Two other drug combination treatments (rifampicin plus isoniazid, and rifampicin plus pyrazinamide) did not differ in preventing TB compared with isoniazid alone, but they resulted in more adverse events. A third combination of rifapentine plus isoniazid supervised weekly for three months was as effective in preventing TB as self\u2010administered isoniazid for nine months, increased treatment completion, and caused less liver toxicity, though treatment\u2010limiting adverse events were more frequent with the weekly rifapentine and isoniazid combination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ebch.1962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]],"date-time":"2014-03-20T13:46:34Z","timestamp":1395323194000},"page":"169-294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine) compared to isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in HIV\u2010negative people at risk of active TB"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Surendra K","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anju","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamilarasu","family":"Kadhiravan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prathap","family":"Tharyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","unstructured":"References to studies included in this review"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","unstructured":"Chan 2012 {published and unpublished data}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.11.0504"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","unstructured":"HKCS 1992 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.1.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_7_1","unstructured":"Leung 2003 {published and unpublished data}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.6.2112"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_9_1","unstructured":"Magdorf 1994 {published data only}"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_18_10_1","first-page":"761","article-title":"[Compliance and tolerance of new antitubercular short\u2010term chemopreventive regimens in childhood\u2010\u2010a pilot project]","volume":"48","author":"Magdorf K","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany)"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_11_1","unstructured":"Martinez Alfaro 1998 {published data only}"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_18_12_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"[Compliance, tolerance and effectiveness of a short chemoprophylaxis regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis]","volume":"111","author":"Martinez Alfaro E","year":"1998","journal-title":"Medicina clinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_13_1","unstructured":"Menzies 2004 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200404-478OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_15_1","unstructured":"Menzies 2008 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_16_1","article-title":"Rifampin versus isoniazid for treatment of latent tuberculosis: A cost\u2010effectiveness analysis based on a multicenter clinical trial","volume":"179","author":"Esfahani K","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-10-200811180-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_18_1","unstructured":"TrajmanA ZylberbergD DionMJ Al\u2010OtaibiB LongR OliveiraAA et al.Poster 46: 91161 Factors associated with treatment completion in a randomized trial of treatment of latent TB infection. Programme of the 5th Conference of The Union Europe Region \u00a0Dubrovnik Croatia 27\u201030 May 2009; http:\/\/www.theunion.org\/index.php\/conferences\/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&id=81&Itemid=36. (accessed 01 March 2012):131."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_19_1","unstructured":"Sanchez\u2010Arcilla 2004 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7753(04)74140-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_21_1","unstructured":"Sterling 2011 {published and unpublished data}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_22_1","first-page":"A4041","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection and female sex are risk factors for treatment limiting hepatotoxicity in a large clinical trial of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: results of a nested case\u2010control study","volume":"183","author":"Bliven\u2010Sizemore E","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_23_1","unstructured":"CDC factsheet.PREVENT TB study.http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchhstp\/newsroom\/docs\/PREVENT\u2010TB\u2010Factsheet.pdf2011; Vol. May:1\u20102 (accessed 01 March 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_24_1","unstructured":"SterlingT VillarinoE. TBTC study 26: weekly Rifapentine + INH for 3 months vs. daily INH for 9 months for the treatment of LTBI.http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT00023452issue accessed 14 November 2011."},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_18_25_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study of the effectiveness and tolerability of weekly Rifapentine\/Isoniazid for three months versus daily Isoniazid for nine months for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection, Version 12_19_06 (Study Protocol: US Public Health Service Study 26)","volume":"365","author":"Sterling TR","year":"2011","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1104875"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_27_1","unstructured":"Tortajada 2005 {published and unpublished data}"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_18_28_1","first-page":"706","article-title":"Is the combination of pyrazinamide plus rifampicin safe for treating latent tuberculosis infection in persons not infected by the human immunodeficency virus? Erratum","volume":"9","author":"Tortajada C","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_18_29_1","first-page":"276","article-title":"Is the combination of pyrazinamide plus rifampicin safe for treating latent tuberculosis infection in persons not infected by the human immunodeficiency virus?","volume":"9","author":"Tortajada C","year":"2005","journal-title":"The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_30_1","unstructured":"References to studies excluded from this review"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_31_1","unstructured":"Bailey 1974 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-81-2-200"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_33_1","unstructured":"Barnwell 1992 {published data only}"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_18_34_1","first-page":"1014","article-title":"Tuberculosis prevention project","volume":"84","author":"Barnwell MD","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the National Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_35_1","unstructured":"Batki 2002 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(01)00208-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_37_1","unstructured":"Bridge 1967 {published data only}"},{"issue":"24","key":"e_1_2_18_38_1","first-page":"1553","article-title":"Chemoprophylaxis: a major adjunct in the prevention of tuberculosis","volume":"66","author":"Bridge EV","year":"1967","journal-title":"Michigan Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_39_1","unstructured":"Byrd 1977 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1977.03630210016007"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_41_1","unstructured":"Catie 2001 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_42_1","unstructured":"Infection fighters. Maintenance therapy for TB works.Treatment Update2001; Vol. 12 issue 9:1\u20102."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_43_1","unstructured":"Chaisson 2001 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00695-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_45_1","unstructured":"Coly 2004 {published data only}"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_18_46_1","first-page":"703","article-title":"Predicting completion of treatment among foreign\u2010born adolescents treated for latent tuberculosis infection in Los Angeles","volume":"8","author":"Coly A","year":"2004","journal-title":"The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_47_1","unstructured":"Comstock 1967 {published data only}"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_18_48_1","first-page":"935","article-title":"A controlled trial of community\u2010wide isoniazid prophylaxis in Alaska","volume":"95","author":"Comstock GW","year":"1967","journal-title":"The American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_49_1","unstructured":"Comstock 1972 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1972.10666182"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_51_1","unstructured":"Comstock 1974 {published data only}"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_18_52_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Isoniazid prophylaxis among Alaskan Eskimos: a progress report","volume":"110","author":"Comstock GW","year":"1974","journal-title":"The American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_53_1","unstructured":"Cowie 1996 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8479(96)90007-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_55_1","unstructured":"Debre 1973 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/2.2.153"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_57_1","unstructured":"Egsmose 1965 {published data only}"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_18_58_1","first-page":"419","article-title":"The use of isoniazid among household contacts of open cases of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"33","author":"Egsmose T","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_59_1","unstructured":"Eule 1973 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_60_1","first-page":"112","article-title":"[Double blind study of the toxicity of different doses of ethambutol given in an intermittent therapeutic regimen with streptomycin, isoniazide and ethambutol]","volume":"48","author":"Eule H","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bulletin of the International Union against Tuberculosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_61_1","unstructured":"Eule 1973a {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_62_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Preliminary results of a controlled therapeutic trail administering INH\u2010RMP once\u2010weekly, after\u2010 or without\u2010 an initial period of continuous treatment","volume":"84","author":"Eule H","year":"1973","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Respiratory Diseases. Supplementum"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_63_1","unstructured":"Felten 1989 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/140.4.1001"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_65_1","unstructured":"Ferebee 1962 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_66_1","first-page":"490","article-title":"Tuberculosis morbidity in a controlled trial of the prophylactic use of isoniazid among household contacts","volume":"85","author":"Ferebee SH","year":"1962","journal-title":"The American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_67_1","unstructured":"Ferebee 1963 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_68_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"A controlled trial of isoniazid prophylaxis in mental institutions","volume":"88","author":"Ferebee SH","year":"1963","journal-title":"The American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_69_1","unstructured":"Ferebee 1968 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_70_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Long\u2010term effects of isoniazid prophylaxis","volume":"41","author":"Ferebee SH","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bulletin of the International Union against Tuberculosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_71_1","unstructured":"Fielding 2011 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2010.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_73_1","unstructured":"Frigati 2011 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.156752"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_75_1","unstructured":"Gao 2006 {published data only}"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_18_76_1","first-page":"1080","article-title":"Rifampicin plus pyrazinamide versus isoniazid for treating latent tuberculosis infection: a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"10","author":"Gao XF","year":"2006","journal-title":"The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_77_1","unstructured":"Geijo 2007 {published data only}"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_18_78_1","first-page":"300","article-title":"[Short\u2010course isoniazid and rifampin compared with isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection: a randomized clinical trial]","volume":"25","author":"Geijo MP","year":"2007","journal-title":"Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_79_1","unstructured":"Geiter 1987 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-3879(87)80021-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_81_1","unstructured":"Glassroth 1977 {published data only}"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_18_82_1","first-page":"1065","article-title":"An assessment of the possible association of isoniazid with human cancer deaths","volume":"116","author":"Glassroth JL","year":"1977","journal-title":"The American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_83_1","unstructured":"Graham 1996 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440080089010"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_85_1","unstructured":"Gupta 1993 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_86_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Chemoprophylaxis in high risk children\u2010analysis of eight years' follow\u2010up: Preliminary report","volume":"40","author":"Gupta DK","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Indian Journal of Tuberculosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_87_1","unstructured":"Horwitz 1966 {published data only}"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_18_88_1","first-page":"509","article-title":"Epidemiological basis of tuberculosis eradication. 4. The isoniazid trial in Greenland","volume":"35","author":"Horwitz O","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_89_1","unstructured":"Horwitz 1974 {published data only}"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_18_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121618","article-title":"Epidemiologic evaluation of chemoprophylaxis against tuberculosis","volume":"99","author":"Horwitz O","year":"1974","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_91_1","unstructured":"IUAT 1982 {published data only}"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_18_92_1","first-page":"555","article-title":"Efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis: five years of follow\u2010up in the IUAT trial","volume":"60","author":"International Union Against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_93_1","unstructured":"Jasmer 2002b {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_94_1","volume-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine","author":"Jasmer R","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-8-200210150-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_96_1","unstructured":"John 1994 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_97_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"12th International Congress of Nephrology. Israel","author":"John GT","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199457110-00029"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_99_1","unstructured":"Krebs 1977 {published data only}"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_18_100_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"[The role of preventive chemotherapy in the present tuberculosis epidemiology of GDR (author's translation)]","volume":"147","author":"Krebs A","year":"1977","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Erkrankungen der Atmungsorgane"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_101_1","unstructured":"Krebs 1979 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_102_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Five years of follow\u2010up of the IUAT trial of isoniazid prophylaxis in fibrotic lesions","volume":"54","author":"Krebs A","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bulletin of the International Union against Tuberculosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_103_1","unstructured":"Krebs 1980 {published data only}"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_18_104_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Late results of preventive chemotherapy in persons with fibrotic lesions of the lung; benefit, cost and risk (from the IUAT isoniazid prophylaxis trial)","volume":"29","author":"Krebs A","year":"1980","journal-title":"Revista de igiena, bacteriologie, virusologie, parazitologie, epidemiologie, pneumoftiziologie. Pneumoftiziologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_105_1","unstructured":"Lienhardt 2011 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.436"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_107_1","unstructured":"Madhi 2011 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1011214"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_109_1","unstructured":"Martinson 2011 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005136"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_111_1","unstructured":"Moulton 2007 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774507076937"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_113_1","unstructured":"Mount 1962 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_114_1","first-page":"821","article-title":"The effect of isoniazid prophylaxis on tuberculosis morbidity among household contacts of previously known cases of tuberculosis","volume":"85","author":"Mount FW","year":"1962","journal-title":"The American Review of Respiratory Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_115_1","unstructured":"Nazareth 1971 {published data only}"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_18_116_1","first-page":"603","article-title":"Two controlled studies of the efficacy of isoniazid alone in preventing relapse in patients with bacteriologically quiescent pulmonary tuberculosis at the end of one year of chemotherapy","volume":"45","author":"Nazareth O","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_117_1","unstructured":"Nunn 2011 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0392"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_119_1","unstructured":"Samandari 2011 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60204-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_121_1","unstructured":"Schechter 2006 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200512-1953OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_123_1","unstructured":"Spyridis 2007 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520983"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_125_1","unstructured":"Veening 1968 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_126_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Long term isoniazid prophylaxis. Controlled trial on INH prophylaxis after recent tuberculin conversion in young adults","volume":"41","author":"Veening GJ","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bulletin of the International Union against Tuberculosis"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_127_1","unstructured":"References to studies awaiting assessment"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_128_1","unstructured":"White 2012 {published and unpublished data}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_129_1","unstructured":"NCT00128206. Treatment of Latent TB Infection for Jailed Persons.http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00128206 (Accessed 10 May 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345811435973"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_131_1","unstructured":"References to ongoing studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_132_1","unstructured":"ISRCTN53253537 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_133_1","unstructured":"MenziesD. A randomized trial to compare completion and tolerability of 4 months rifampin (4 Rif) and 9 months isoniazid (9 INH) in treatment of latent TB in children.http:\/\/www.controlled\u2010trials.com\/ISRCTN53253537Accessed 14 November 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_134_1","unstructured":"NCT00023452 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_135_1","unstructured":"CDC factsheet. PREVENT TB study.http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchhstp\/newsroom\/docs\/PREVENT\u2010TB\u2010Factsheet.pdf2011; Vol. May:1\u20102 (Accessed 14 November 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_136_1","unstructured":"*SterlingT VillarinoE. TBTC study 26: weekly Rifapentine + INH for 3 months versus daily INH for 9 months for the treatment of LTBI.http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT00023452(Accessed 14 November 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_137_1","unstructured":"NCT00931736 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_138_1","unstructured":"MenziesD. A randomized clinical trial comparing 4RIF versus 9INH for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) \u2010 effectiveness.http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT00931736(Accessed 14 November 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_139_1","unstructured":"NCT01398618 {published data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_140_1","unstructured":"WangJY. Comparing the efficacy of two preventive regimens for adult household contacts with latent tuberculosis infection.http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/record\/NCT01398618(Accessed 15 April 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_141_1","unstructured":"Additional references"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad 2011","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/606354"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/814943"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_144_1","unstructured":"Akolo 2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000171.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_146_1","unstructured":"Andrade 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr159"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_148_1","unstructured":"Aspler 2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.125054"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_150_1","unstructured":"ATS 1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.3.725"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_152_1","unstructured":"ATS\/CDC 2003"},{"issue":"31","key":"e_1_2_18_153_1","first-page":"735","article-title":"Update: adverse event data and revised American ThoracicSociety\/CDC recommendations against the use of rifampin and pyrazinamide for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection\u2010 United States, 2003","volume":"52","author":"ATS\/CDC","year":"2003","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_154_1","unstructured":"Balcells 2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1205.050681"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_156_1","unstructured":"Balshem 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_158_1","unstructured":"Barboza 2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132008001100012"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barry 2009","DOI":"10.12968\/indn.2009.21.8.76861"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2236"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_162_1","unstructured":"Baussano 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.100947"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_164_1","unstructured":"Benator 2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09742-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_166_1","unstructured":"Blumberg 2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.167.4.603"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_168_1","unstructured":"Bock 2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200201-047OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_170_1","unstructured":"Cattamanchi 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31820b07ab"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_172_1","unstructured":"CDC 2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_173_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"49","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2000","journal-title":"Montly Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_174_1","unstructured":"CDC 2002"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_18_175_1","first-page":"214","article-title":"Acquired rifamycin resistance in persons with advanced HIV disease being treated for active tuberculosis with intermittent rifamycin\u2010based regimens","volume":"51","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2002","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_176_1","unstructured":"CDC 2010"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_18_177_1","first-page":"224","article-title":"Severe isoniazid\u2010associated liver injuries among persons being treated for latent tuberculosis infection\u2010United States, 2004\u20132008","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_178_1","unstructured":"CDC 2011"},{"issue":"48","key":"e_1_2_18_179_1","first-page":"1650","article-title":"Recommendations for use of an isoniazid\u2010rifapentine regimen with direct observation to treat latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"60","author":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2011","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_180_1","unstructured":"Christopher 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026199"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_182_1","unstructured":"Cook 2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/505398"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_184_1","unstructured":"Corbiere 2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043285"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_186_1","unstructured":"Deeks 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_187_1","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011)","author":"Deeks JJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diel 2011","DOI":"10.4071\/CICMT-2011-THA12"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00115110"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_190_1","unstructured":"Divine 1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02599201"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_192_1","unstructured":"Dyrhol\u2010Riise 2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-57"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_194_1","unstructured":"Ena 2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/427802"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esfahani 2009","DOI":"10.3998\/ark.5550190.0010.a23"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_197_1","article-title":"Rifampin versus isoniazid for treatment of latent tuberculosis: A cost\u2010effectiveness analysis based on a multicenter clinical trial","volume":"179","author":"Esfahani K","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_198_1","unstructured":"Frieden 2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14333-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_200_1","unstructured":"Gordin 2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/422724"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_202_1","unstructured":"GRADE 2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_203_1","unstructured":"GRADE Working Group. GRADE Profiler; version 3.6. GRADE Working Group 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_204_1","unstructured":"Guyatt 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_206_1","unstructured":"Higgins 2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins 2011","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/710974"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_209_1","unstructured":"HigginsJPT AltmanDG Sterne JAC(editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration 2011.Available from www.cochrane\u2010handbook.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_210_1","unstructured":"Higgins 2011a"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_211_1","unstructured":"HigginsJPT GreenS (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration 2011.Available from www.cochrane\u2010handbook.org. The Cochrane Collaboration.."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_212_1","unstructured":"Higgins 2011b"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_213_1","unstructured":"HigginsJPT DeeksJJ Altman DG(editors). Chapter 16: Special topics in statistics. In: Higgins JPT Green S (editors) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration 2011.Available from www.cochrane\u2010handbook.org. The Cochrane Collaboration."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holland 2009","DOI":"10.1215\/00265667-2009-71-72-197"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200901-0153OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_216_1","unstructured":"Holland 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022276"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_218_1","unstructured":"Horsburgh 2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0394"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_220_1","unstructured":"Houben 2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_18_221_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus associated\u00a0tuberculosis\u00a0 more often due to recent infection than reactivation of\u00a0latent\u00a0infection","volume":"15","author":"Houben RM","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_222_1","unstructured":"Jasmer 2002a"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp021045"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_224_1","unstructured":"Joshi 2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030494"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_226_1","unstructured":"Khan 2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_227_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa021099"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_228_1","unstructured":"Lardizabal 2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.6.1712"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_230_1","unstructured":"Lefebvre 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_231_1","unstructured":"LefebvreC ManheimerE GlanvilleJ. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JPT Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration 2011.Available from www.cochrane\u2010handbook.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_232_1","unstructured":"Lin 2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_233_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903856"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_234_1","unstructured":"LoBue 2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_235_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200303-390OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_236_1","unstructured":"Lobue 2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_237_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2010.01751.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_238_1","unstructured":"Ma 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_239_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-11-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_240_1","unstructured":"Machingaidze 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_241_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318214b915"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_242_1","unstructured":"Marais 2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_243_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.097220"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_244_1","unstructured":"McElroy 2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_245_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/444463"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_246_1","unstructured":"MECIR 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_247_1","unstructured":"ChandlerJ ChurchillR HigginsJ LassersonT ToveyD. Methodological Expectations of Cochrane Intervention Reviews (MECIR).Methodological standards for the conduct of new Cochrane Intervention Reviews. Version 2.1 8 December 2011. Available at: http:\/\/www.editorial\u2010unit.cochrane.org\/sites\/editorial\u2010unit.cochrane.org\/files\/uploads\/MECIR_conduct_standards%202.1.pdf.(accessed on 4 November 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_248_1","unstructured":"Nardell 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_249_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1105555"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_250_1","unstructured":"NCT01582711"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_251_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. TBTC Study 33. An evaluation of adherence to latent tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) treatment With 12 Doses of once weekly\u00a0rifapentine\u00a0(RPT) and isoniazid (INH) given as self\u2010administered (SAT) versus directly\u2010observed therapy (DOT): (iAdhere).Available at: http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/study\/NCT01582711?term=rifapentine&rank=15&show_desc=Y#desc2012:(Accessed 8 May 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_252_1","unstructured":"NICE 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_253_1","first-page":"30","volume-title":"NICE clinical guideline 117: Tuberculosis: clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control","author":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_254_1","unstructured":"Noyes 2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_255_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2006.04092.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_256_1","unstructured":"NYC 2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_257_1","unstructured":"New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene Bureau of Tuberculosis Control. Guidelines for testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection.Avialable at: www.nyc.gov\/html\/doh\/downloads\/pdf\/tb\/ltbi_guidelines.pdf.2005:(Accessed 01 May 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_258_1","unstructured":"Pai 2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_259_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.22.2746"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_260_1","unstructured":"Pai 2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_261_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-3-200808050-00241"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_262_1","unstructured":"Pai 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_263_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PaiM JoshiR NarangU ZwerlingA JainV KalantriS. Predictive value of IGRA and TST in Indian health\u2010care workers: A six\u2010year follow up study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.2011; Vol. 183:A1198.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_MeetingAbstracts.A1198"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_264_1","unstructured":"Rangaka 2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_265_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70210-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_266_1","unstructured":"Reichman 2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_267_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200405-584PP"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_268_1","unstructured":"Review Manager (RevMan)"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_269_1","unstructured":"The Nordic Cochrane Centre The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre The Cochrane Collaboration 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_270_1","unstructured":"Ridzon 2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_18_271_1","first-page":"236","article-title":"Optimal\u00a0latent\u00a0TB control methods","volume":"9","author":"Ridzon R","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_272_1","unstructured":"Schunemann 2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_273_1","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemannHJ OxmanAD VistGE HigginsJPT DeeksJJ GlasziouP et al.Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In: Higgins JPT Green S editor(s). Cochrane Hanbook for Systematic Review of Intervention Version 5.0.1 [updated September 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration 2008.Available from www.cochrane\u2010handbook.org. The Cochrane Collaboration."},{"key":"e_1_2_18_274_1","unstructured":"Sester 2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_275_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00114810"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_276_1","unstructured":"Smieja 1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_277_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001363"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_278_1","unstructured":"Stout 2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_279_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.138685"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_280_1","unstructured":"TBCTA 2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_281_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for control of Tuberculosis in Prisons","author":"Tuberculosis Coalition for Technical Assistance and the International Committee of the Red Cross","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_282_1","unstructured":"van der Werf 2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_283_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.11.0437"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_284_1","unstructured":"van Zyl 2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_18_285_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Adherence to anti\u2010tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis and treatment in children","volume":"10","author":"Zyl S","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_286_1","unstructured":"Volmink 2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_287_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003343.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_288_1","unstructured":"WHO 2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_289_1","volume-title":"International Union against Tuberculosisand Lung Disease. Anti\u2010tuberculosis drug resistance in the world, Report no. 3","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_290_1","unstructured":"WHO 2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_18_291_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Chapter 4: Childhood contact screening and management","volume":"11","author":"World Health Organization Stop TB Partnership Childhood TB Subgroup","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_292_1","unstructured":"WHO 2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_293_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug\u2010resistant tuberculosis. Emergency Update 2008","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_294_1","unstructured":"WHO 2010a"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_295_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, financing; WHO report 2010 [WHO\/HTM\/TB\/2010.7]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_296_1","unstructured":"WHO 2010b"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_297_1","volume-title":"Treatment of tuberculosis. Guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_298_1","unstructured":"WHO 2011a"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_299_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.30875\/52320670-en","volume-title":"WHO Report 2011: Global Tuberculosis Control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_300_1","unstructured":"WHO 2011b"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_301_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug\u2010resistant tuberculosis. 2011 update","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_302_1","unstructured":"WHO 2011c"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_303_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for intensified tuberculosis case\u2010finding and isoniazid preventive therapy for people living with HIV in resource\u2010constrained settings","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_304_1","unstructured":"WHO 2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_305_1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_306_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang 2009","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.06.2008.0277"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_307_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200905-0795OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_308_1","unstructured":"Ziakas 2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_309_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/647944"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_310_1","unstructured":"Zuniga 2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_311_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/193923"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_312_1","unstructured":"Zwerling 2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_313_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.143180"}],"container-title":["Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Febch.1962","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ebch.1962","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T03:31:01Z","timestamp":1746156661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ebch.1962"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"references-count":312,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ebch.1962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ebch.1962","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1557-6272","1557-6272"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1557-6272","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-6272","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}}}