{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:40:30Z","timestamp":1786977630860,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,19]],"date-time":"2014-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evid.\u2010Based Child Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, coronary artery disease and kidney damage in adults. There is a paucity of data on the long\u2010term sequelae of persistent hypertension in children, but it is known that children with hypertension have evidence of end organ damage and are at risk of hypertension into adulthood. The prevalence of hypertension in children is rising, most likely due to a concurrent rise in obesity rates. In children with hypertension, non\u2010pharmacological measures are often recommended as first\u2010line therapy, but a significant proportion of children will eventually require pharmacological treatment to reduce blood pressure, especially those with evidence of end organ damage at presentation or during follow\u2010up. A systematic review of the effects of antihypertensive agents in children has not previously been conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the dose\u2010related effects of different classes of antihypertensive medications, as monotherapy compared to placebo; as combination therapy compared to placebo or a single medication; or in comparisons of various doses within the same class, on systolic or diastolic blood pressure (or both) in children with hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Search methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched the Cochrane Hypertension Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2013, Issue 9), Ovid MEDLINE (1946 to October 2013), Ovid EMBASE (1974 to October 2013) and bibliographic citations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Selection criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The selection criteria were deliberately broad due to there being few clinical trials in children. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of at least two weeks duration comparing antihypertensive agents either as monotherapy or combination therapy with either placebo or another medication, or comparing different doses of the same medication, in children with hypertension. Hypertension was defined as an average (over a minimum of three readings) systolic or diastolic blood pressure (or both) on the 95\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>th<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      percentile or above for age, height and gender.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data collection and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two authors independently selected relevant studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We summarised data, where possible, using a random\u2010effects model. Formal assessment of heterogeneity was not possible because of insufficient data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 21 trials evaluated antihypertensive medications of various drug classes in 3454 hypertensive children with periods of follow\u2010up ranging from three to 24 weeks. There were five RCTs comparing an antihypertensive drug directly with placebo, 12 dose\u2010finding trials, two trials comparing calcium channel blockers with angiotensin receptor blockers, one trial comparing a centrally acting alpha blocker with a diuretic and one trial comparing an angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitor with an angiotensin receptor blocker. No randomised trial was identified that evaluated the effectiveness of antihypertensive medications on target end organ damage. The trials were of variable quality and most were funded by pharmaceutical companies.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Among the angiotensin receptor blockers, candesartan (one trial, n = 240), when compared to placebo, reduced systolic blood pressure by 6.50 mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI) \u22129.44 to \u22123.56) and diastolic blood pressure by 5.50 mmHg (95% CI \u22129.62 to \u22121.38) (low\u2010quality evidence). High dose telmisartan (one trial, n = 76), when compared to placebo, reduced systolic blood pressure by \u22128.50 (95% CI \u221213.79 to \u22123.21) but not diastolic blood pressure (\u22124.80, 95% CI \u22129.50 to 0.10) (low\u2010quality evidence). Beta blocker (metoprolol, one trial, n = 140), when compared with placebo , significantly reduced systolic blood pressure by 4.20 mmHg (95% CI \u22128.12 to \u22120.28) but not diastolic blood pressure (\u22123.20 mmHg 95% CI \u22127.12 to 0.72) (low\u2010quality evidence). Beta blocker\/diuretic combination (Bisoprolol\/hydrochlorothiazide, one trial, n = 94)when compared with placebo , did not result in a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (\u22124.0 mmHg, 95% CI \u22128.99 to \u22120.19) but did have an effect on diastolic blood pressure (\u22124.50 mmHg, 95% CI \u22128.26 to \u22120.74) (low\u2010quality evidence). Calcium channel blocker (extended\u2010release felodipine,one trial, n = 133) was not effective in reducing systolic blood pressure (\u22120.62 mmHg, 95% CI \u22122.97 to 1.73) or diastolic blood pressure (\u22121.86 mmHg, 95% CI \u22125.23 to 1.51) when compared with placebo. Further, there was no consistent dose response observed among any of the drug classes. The adverse events associated with the antihypertensive agents were mostly minor and included headaches, dizziness and upper respiratory infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Authors' conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, there are sparse data informing the use of antihypertensive agents in children, with outcomes reported limited to blood pressure and not end organ damage. The most data are available for candesartan, for which there is low\u2010quality evidence of a modest lowering effect on blood pressure. We did not find evidence of a consistent dose response relationship for escalating doses of angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers or angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors. All agents appear safe, at least in the short term.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Medications for high blood pressure in children<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Hypertension (high blood pressure) is known to increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and kidney failure. The prevalence of hypertension in children is rising. A significant proportion of children with hypertension require medication to reduce blood pressure and medication use has increased significantly over the past several years.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review includes 21 trials, involving 3454 children, which evaluated different medications to lower blood pressure among children with hypertension. This evidence is up to date as of October 2013. Most trials were of very short duration with the average being seven weeks. The studies were of variable quality and mostly industry funded. Not all studies compared the effect of medication on blood pressure lowering to a placebo. Only a few classes of the commonly prescribed drugs have been evaluated and most had a modest effect on blood pressure, but it is uncertain whether this results in improved long\u2010term outcomes for children. Higher doses of medication did not result in greater reduction of blood pressure. All of the drugs studied were safe for use, at least in the short term.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ebch.1974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,19]],"date-time":"2014-09-19T05:16:49Z","timestamp":1411103809000},"page":"498-580","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Pharmacological interventions for hypertension in children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Swasti","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah H","family":"Lipszyc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Licht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rulan","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","unstructured":"References to studies included in this review"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","unstructured":"Batisky 2007 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","unstructured":"BMS 2005 {unpublished data only}"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","unstructured":"Bristol\u2010MeyersSquibb. 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