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(<jats:italic>Behaviour<\/jats:italic>, 160, 2023 and 515\u2212557) found conspicuously large size and morphological variation of mate\u2010guarding devices within a single population of the potentially polyandrous Clouded Apollo (<jats:italic>Parnassius mnemosyne<\/jats:italic>, L.) butterfly. They termed the externally visible male\u2010produced devices as Copulatory opening APpendices (CAP) consisting of small devices, termed small CAPs and the much larger shield (i.e. sphragis). Our aim was to reveal CAP replacement dynamics within females during their lifetime and to understand how male investment into small CAPs or shields was (i) related to CAP persistence on the female, that is securing paternity, (ii) associated with female quality, measured as size and (iii) with actual adult sex ratio. We investigated a univoltine Clouded Apollo population to estimate CAP replacement risks, using multistate survival models, in an extensive observational study through 6\u2009years based on mark\u2010recapture. Shields were the most frequent mate\u2010guarding devices and were more persistent than small CAPs, often lasting for life, excluding future matings. Thus, most females bearing a shield were deprived of postcopulatory female choice, and the genetic variance in their offspring could be reduced compared to those bearing small CAPs, thus mating more often. The ratio of shields to all CAPs gradually decreased towards the end of the flight period. Males were more prone to produce a shield when mating females with wider thoraces and when the ratio of males (i.e. competition) was higher in the population. To our best knowledge, this is the first quantitative study to investigate potential factors on which male investment in mate\u2010guarding devices may depend, and how the variation in these devices impacts CAP persistence on females.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.10533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T06:10:24Z","timestamp":1695017424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mate\u2010guarding success depends on male investment in a butterfly"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8553-0016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","family":"G\u00f3r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Veterinary Science University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0773-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3177-8072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kata","family":"P\u00e1sztor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Biological Sciences Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences  G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151 Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6435-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor","family":"Szigeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lend\u00fclet Ecosystem Services Research Group Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, ELKH (E\u00f6tv\u00f6s L\u00f3r\u00e1nd Research Network)  V\u00e1cr\u00e1t\u00f3t Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4451-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00f3ra","family":"Vajna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lend\u00fclet Ecosystem Services Research Group Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, ELKH (E\u00f6tv\u00f6s L\u00f3r\u00e1nd Research Network)  V\u00e1cr\u00e1t\u00f3t Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9354-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"Kis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0131"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.39.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0307\u20106946.2004.00581.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arr178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10841\u2010004\u20103204\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344970"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793101005693"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Grundzuege der sphragidologie","volume":"11","author":"Bryk F.","year":"1918","journal-title":"Arkiv f\u00f6r Zoologi"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"102","article-title":"Bibliotheca sphragidologica","volume":"85","author":"Bryk F.","year":"1919","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Naturgeschichte"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102656.2008.01385.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.281.5379.996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EXGER.2005.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/isd\/ixy021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.694.13097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169\u20105347(02)00004\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"199","article-title":"Offspring from double matings in swallowtail butterflies","volume":"95","author":"Clarke C. 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