{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:33:53Z","timestamp":1792118033973,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009154","name":"University of Windsor","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009154","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008638","name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interspecific foraging associations (IFAs) are biological interactions where two or more species forage in association with each other. Climate\u2010induced reductions in Arctic sea ice have increased polar bear (<jats:italic>Ursus maritimus<\/jats:italic>) foraging in seabird colonies, which creates foraging opportunities for avian predators. We used drone video of bears foraging within a common eider (<jats:italic>Somateria mollissima<\/jats:italic>) colony on East Bay Island (Nunavut, Canada) in 2017 to investigate herring gull (<jats:italic>Larus argentatus<\/jats:italic>) foraging in association with bears. We recorded nest visitation by gulls following<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009193 eider flushing events from nests during incubation. The probability of gulls visiting eider nests increased with higher number of gulls present (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.14\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03 [SE],<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and for nests previously visited by a bear (\u03b2\u2009=\u20091.14\u2009\u00b1\u20090.49 [SE],<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.02). In our model examining the probability of gulls consuming eggs from nests, we failed to detect statistically significant effects for the number of gulls present (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.09\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05 [SE],<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.07) or for nests previously visited by a bear (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.92\u2009\u00b1\u20090.71 [SE],<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.19). Gulls preferred to visit nests behind bears (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200918, df\u2009=\u20091,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001), indicating gulls are risk averse in the presence of polar bears. Our study provides novel insights on an Arctic IFA, and we present evidence that gulls capitalize on nests made available due to disturbance associated with foraging bears, as eiders disturbed off their nest allow gulls easier access to eggs. We suggest the IFA between gulls and polar bears is parasitic, as gulls are consuming terrestrial resources which would have eventually been consumed by bears. This finding has implications for estimating the energetic contribution of bird eggs to polar bear summer diets in that the total number of available clutches to consume may be reduced due to avian predators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T09:20:53Z","timestamp":1710148853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An interspecific foraging association with polar bears increases foraging opportunities for avian predators in a declining Arctic seabird colony"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0990-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Barnas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada"},{"name":"School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2106-8111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassandra A. B.","family":"Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7167-8906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica A.","family":"Geldart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8235-6411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver P.","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4539-7905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick M.","family":"Jagielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5031-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Grant","family":"Gilchrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Research Centre, Science and Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3172-5592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan S.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4947-8972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cody J.","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Science and Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5115-9853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina A. D.","family":"Semeniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(89)90030-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Foraging ecology of an avian predator, the herring gull: School of Biological Sciences","author":"Allard K. A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00302938"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/juvs-2019-0011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.02840"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300\u2010018\u20102270\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2022.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300\u2010020\u201002647\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"Barry T. W.(1967).Geese of the Anderson River Delta Northwest Territories: University of Alberta."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0490"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1648\/0273-8570-72.4.573"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-8790.2001.00581.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1474\u2010919X.2003.00143.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"A possible foraging association between white hawks and white\u2010nosed coatis","volume":"116","author":"Booth\u2010Binczik S. D.","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Wilson Journal of Ornithology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic947"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18202-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(79)90185-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040431"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077811"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/juvs\u20102014\u20100009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010021\u201004889\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003000000123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56021\/9781421403052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/44.2.163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/as\u20102019\u20100017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00002584"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/juvs\u20102021\u20100012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Observations on the foraging association of double\u2010toothed kites and white\u2010faced capuchin monkeys","volume":"97","author":"Fontaine R.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Auditory and visual mechanisms in food\u2010finding behavior of the herring Gull","volume":"67","author":"Frings H.","year":"1955","journal-title":"The Wilson Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic4265"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10452-021-09868-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22492-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/3885.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128520"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9921-7_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3801169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2019.0405"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2020.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v040.i03"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z71-032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Dynamics of multi\u2010species feeding associations in marine waters near Juneau, Alaska","volume":"39","author":"Haynes T. B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Marine Ornithology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES\u201009289\u2010230122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-013-1341-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(77)90125-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.3128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/dsa\u20102021\u20100018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.210391"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2020.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-017-4002-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12663"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z03-061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","article-title":"An Australian pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus benefits from the beating behaviour of a pied cormorant Phalacrocorax varius: A possible precursor to kleptoparasitism","volume":"26","author":"Love O.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Corella"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00772"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/15-1256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.1989.tb00600.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33265\/polar.v38.3393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5457.1482"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"The anti\u2010predator function of defecation on their own eggs by female eiders","volume":"29","author":"McDougall P.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Wild"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1382201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0908-8857.2004.03243.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01872.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","unstructured":"Prop J. Eerden M. R. &Drent R. H.(1985).Reproductive success of the barnacle goose Branta leucopsis in relation to food exploitation on the breeding grounds western Spitsbergen: Rijksdienst voor de IJsselmeerpolders."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15845\/on.v36i0.439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22621\/cfn.v121i3.480"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/2006-180"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z87-324"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-008-0548-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/140202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1571"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3266","article-title":"Octopuses punch fishes during collaborative interspecific hunting events","volume":"102","author":"Sampaio E.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","unstructured":"Secretariat J. (2015).Inuvialuit and Nanuq: A polar bear traditional knowledge study: Joint Secretariat."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13346"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1370238"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22621\/cfn.v136i3.2807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-010-0791-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF21059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2002.3047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12251"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Polar bear predatory behaviour toward molting barnacle geese and nesting glaucous gulls on Spitsbergen","volume":"59","author":"Stempniewicz L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2907.2003.00022.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1445875"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3676409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2017-0234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","unstructured":"Tinbergen N.(1953).The herring gull's world: A study of the social behaviour of birds."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1676\/10-094.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/416389a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham H. Francois R. Henry L. &M\u00fcller K.(2015).Dplyr: A grammar of data manipulation. R Package Version 04 3.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.dplyr"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","unstructured":"Zeileis A. &Hothorn T.(2002).Diagnostic checking in regression relationships."}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.11012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T02:35:48Z","timestamp":1731551748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.11012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.11012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.11012","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e11012"}}