{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T09:47:53Z","timestamp":1753868873184,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The core breeding range of Swainson's warbler (<jats:italic>Limnothlypis swainsonii<\/jats:italic>) overlaps a zone of exceptionally high tornado frequency in southeastern North America. The importance of tornadoes in creating breeding habitat for this globally rare warbler and other disturbance\u2010dependent species has been largely overlooked. This paper estimates tornado frequency (1950\u20132021) and forest disturbance in the 240 counties and parishes in which breeding was documented from 1988 to 2014. The frequency of destructive tornadoes (EF1\u2010EF5) varied 6\u2010fold across the breeding range with a peak in the Gulf Coast states. Counties from east Texas to Alabama experienced the lowest median return interval of 5.4\u2009years per 1000 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, resulting in approximately 2477 ha of forest damage per 1000 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> per century, based on current forestland cover. Tornadoes were significantly less frequent north and east of the core breeding range, with return intervals increasing to 9.1\u2009years per 1000 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for breeding counties on the Atlantic coastal plain, 10.2\u2009years per 1000 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the Ozark Mountains, and 32.3\u2009years per 1000 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in the Appalachian Mountains. Breeding counties within 150 km of the coastline from east Texas to North Carolina are also subjected to the highest frequency of hurricanes in the Western Hemisphere. Hurricanes often cause massive forest damage but archived meteorological and forestry data are insufficient to estimate the aggregate extent of forest disturbance in breeding counties. Nevertheless, the combined impact of tornadoes and hurricanes in the pre\u2010Anthropogenic era was likely sufficient to produce a dynamic mosaic of early\u2010successional forest crucial for the breeding ecology of Swainson's warbler. To ensure the long\u2010term survival of this rare warbler, it is advisable to develop habitat management plans that incorporate remote sensing data on early\u2010successional forest generated by catastrophic storms as well as anthropogenic activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T04:13:58Z","timestamp":1710389638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Catastrophic storms, forest disturbance, and the natural history of Swainson's warbler"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1406-5246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary R.","family":"Graves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vertebrate Zoology MRC\u2010116, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen \u00d8 Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF997.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/auk.2009.08219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/bams\u201086\u201011\u20101577"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"166","article-title":"Restoring forest disturbances to sustain populations of shrubland birds","volume":"16","author":"Askins R. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Restoration & Management Notes"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Birds of America (Folio)","author":"Audubon J. J.","year":"1833"},{"volume-title":"Ornithological biography","year":"1834","author":"Audubon J. J.","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/0022-541X(2006)70[1013:HSBSWB]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"576","volume-title":"Distribution and habitat use of Swainson's warbler in eastern and northern Arkansas","author":"Bednarz J. C.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"248","volume-title":"Habitat use and demography of Swainson's warblers in eastern Arkansas","author":"Benson T. J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/2008-442"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<2527:ACODPM>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-14-00152.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4625174"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4068068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257460"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100434(2003)018<0626:Ceoldt>2.0.Co;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4079164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2010.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1672\/08-54.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/cond.2011.100184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11060613"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980\u2010016\u20100384\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2309076120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1148913"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Breeding biology of Swainson's warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) in a North Carolina bottomland hardwood forest","author":"Chartier N. A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2010bams3102.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2008.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1672\/08\u201036.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"228","article-title":"Habitat characteristics and management of Swainson's warbler in southern Illinois","volume":"8","author":"Eddleman W. R.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00006.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2009.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107571"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748\u20109326\/9\/2\/024018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02857920"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2019.1583292"},{"volume-title":"Proposed characterization of tornadoes and hurricanes by area and intensity","year":"1971","author":"Fujita T. T.","key":"e_1_2_9_37_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"A historical and statistical comparison of \u201ctornado alley\u201d to \u201cDixie alley\u201d","volume":"34","author":"Gagan J. P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"National Weather Digest"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4067336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612\u2010018\u20100048\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Censusing wintering populations of Swainson's warbler: Surveys in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica","volume":"108","author":"Graves G. R.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Wilson Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Stereotyped foraging behavior of the Swainson's warbler","volume":"69","author":"Graves G. R.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Field Ornithology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/118.3.650"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1676\/0043-5643(2002)114[0210:HCITCB]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent large\u2010scale colonisation of southern pine plantations by Swainson's warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii","volume":"2015","author":"Graves G. R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bird Conservation International"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1656\/045.026.0206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1656\/058.019.0402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3366\/anh.1996.23.2.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1656\/058.015.0213"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21527-3"},{"volume-title":"Bachman's warbler, a species in peril","year":"1986","author":"Hamel P. B.","key":"e_1_2_9_51_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Reproductive success and habitat selection of Swainson's warblers in managed pine versus bottomland hardwood forests","author":"Henry D. R.","year":"2004"},{"volume-title":"Nonparametric statistical methods","year":"1973","author":"Hollander M.","key":"e_1_2_9_53_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121201109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","first-page":"440","article-title":"Conservation of disturbance\u2010dependent birds in eastern North America","volume":"29","author":"Hunter W. C.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/2008jpo3727.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The 1925 tri\u2010state tornado damage path and associated storm system","volume":"8","author":"Johns R. H.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-12-0206.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/jamc\u2010d\u201016\u20100228.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/bams\u2010d\u201017\u20100184.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1656\/058.018.0401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","first-page":"246","article-title":"Pre\u2010nesting and nesting behavior of the Swainson's warbler","volume":"81","author":"Meanley B.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Wilson Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","first-page":"228","article-title":"Method of searching for food by the Swainson's warbler","volume":"82","author":"Meanley B.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Wilson Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3996\/nafa.69.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15191\/nwajom.2014.0216"},{"volume-title":"Storm events database","year":"2022","author":"National Centers for Environmental Information","key":"e_1_2_9_67_1"},{"volume-title":"U.S. tornadoes","year":"2022","author":"National Centers for Environmental Information","key":"e_1_2_9_68_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","unstructured":"Partners in Flight. (2022).Population estimates database version 3.1.https:\/\/pif.birdconservancy.org\/population\u2010estimate\u2010database\u2010scores\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","unstructured":"Partners in Flight Science Committee. (2013).Population estimates database version 2013.http:\/\/rmbo.org\/pifpopestimates\/Database.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/0022-541X(2005)069<0409:SWHSIA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048\u20109697(00)00529\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2007.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1939342"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1527-6988(2008)9:1(29)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/WEWI.60.2.64\u201071"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/jamc\u2010d\u201021\u20100225.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","first-page":"113","volume-title":"The effects of a riverine flood on the ecology and habitat of the Swainson's warbler and a test of the Swainson's warbler habitat suitability index","author":"Reiley B. M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/cond.2013.120163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.030106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069\u2010020\u201004202\u20106"},{"volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated development for R","year":"2020","author":"RStudio Team","key":"e_1_2_9_82_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/cond.2010.090055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654\u20101103.2006.tb02454.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1676\/02-110"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","first-page":"344","article-title":"The recent history of Bachman's warbler","volume":"84","author":"Stevenson H. M.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Wilson Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109272.2006.00509.x"},{"volume-title":"Where have all the birds gone?","year":"1989","author":"Terborgh J.","key":"e_1_2_9_88_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3802079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","first-page":"164","volume-title":"Breeding biology of Swainson's warblers in a managed South Carolina bottomland forest","author":"Thompson J. L.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/2008-441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","first-page":"71644","article-title":"Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; removal of 21 extinct species from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife","volume":"88","author":"U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service","year":"2023","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"volume-title":"Forest biomass across the lower 48 states and Alaska","year":"2022","author":"USDA Forest Service","key":"e_1_2_9_93_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381413a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"The nest and eggs of Bachman's warbler, Helminthophila bachmani (Aud.), taken near Charleston, South Carolina","volume":"44","author":"Wayne A. T.","year":"1907","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/jcli\u2010d\u201011\u201000719.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4068830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Rapid assessment of forest damage from tornadoes in Mississippi","volume":"76","author":"Wilkinson D. W.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","unstructured":"Will T. Stanton J. C. Rosenberg K. V. Panjabi A. O. Camfield A. F. &Shaw A. E.(2020).Handbook to the Partners in Flight Population Estimates Database Version 3.1.PIF Technical Series No 7.1.pif.birdconservancy.org\/popest.handbook.pd"},{"volume-title":"Americans and their forests: A historical geography","year":"1989","author":"Williams M.","key":"e_1_2_9_100_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676\u2010019\u201000907\u2010y"},{"volume-title":"Swainson's warbler and breeding bird atlas surveys in south\u2010central West Virginia 2013\u20132014","year":"2014","author":"Wood D. M.","key":"e_1_2_9_102_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Breeding population density and habitat use of Swainson's warbler in a Georgia floodplain forest","author":"Wright E. A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808914106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Remotely visible width and discontinuity of 50 tornado damage paths through forested landscapes","volume":"12","author":"Zenoble M. D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.11099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T09:38:59Z","timestamp":1717061939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.11099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.11099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.11099","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2045-7758"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-7758"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e11099"}}