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This study provides quantitative estimates of the frequency of toe amputations resulting from ant bites in a population of migratory red\u2010necked nightjars (<jats:italic>Caprimulgus ruficollis<\/jats:italic>) monitored for 15\u2009years (2009\u20132023) in S Spain, and identifies the attacker(s) based on taxonomic analyses of ant\u2010mandible remains found on injured toes. Less than 1% of examined adults (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009369) missed one or more toes. The analysis of ant remains identified African army ants (<jats:italic>Dorylus<\/jats:italic> sp.) as the primary cause of toe amputations in nightjars and revealed that body parts of the attacker may remain attached to the birds even after intercontinental migration. No cases of severe damage were observed in juveniles (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009269), apart from the mandible of a <jats:italic>Messor barbarus<\/jats:italic> \u2013 a local ant species \u2013 attached to one of the teeth of the characteristic comb of the medial toe of nightjars. The incidence of ant\u2010bite damage may appear unimportant for nightjar populations, but this might not be true if only birds that manage to survive their injuries and potential complications (e.g. severe bleeding and sepsis from opportunistic infections) return from the tropics. More field studies, ideally in tropical areas, that incorporate routine examination of ant\u2010induced injuries into their protocols are needed to understand the true incidence and eco\u2010evolutionary implications of antagonistic ant\u2010bird interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T07:53:39Z","timestamp":1716191619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The nightjar and the ant: Intercontinental migration reveals a cryptic interaction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9704-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Camacho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana\u2013CSIC  Sevilla Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2346-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Manuel","family":"Vidal\u2010Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana\u2013CSIC  Sevilla Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5105-3960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"S\u00e1ez\u2010G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG\u2010UAM) Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1640-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Hidalgo\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana\u2013CSIC  Sevilla Spain"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Universidad Pablo de Olavide  Sevilla Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5047-5923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Rabad\u00e1n\u2010Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observation.org  Sevilla Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2037-9196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEO\/BirdLife, Do\u00f1ana Technical Office  El Roc\u00edo, Huelva Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-6366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pim","family":"Edelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Universidad Pablo de Olavide  Sevilla Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-020-02297-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.608.9427"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00063657.2012.753400"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/cond.2013.120192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104974"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07360-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","volume-title":"Nightjars: A guide to nightjars and related birds","author":"Cleere N.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/JFO-00293-940308"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2008.00984.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-019-1267-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"The little things that run the world revisited: A review of ant\u2010mediated ecosystem services and disservices (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","volume":"17","author":"Del Toro I.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Myrmecological News"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165760"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520962996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01651592"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.1999.00065.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arab042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.206.4417.462"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Un caso de transporte accidental de una hormiga del g\u00e9nero Dorylus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) por una Golondrina Com\u00fan","volume":"31","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez M. 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