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In some ant lineages, workers have undergone further morphological differentiation, resulting in differences in body size, shape, or both. Distinguishing between changes in size and shape is not trivial. Traditional approaches based on allometry reduce complex 3D shapes into simple linear, areal, or volume metrics; modern approaches using geometric morphometrics typically rely on landmarks, introducing observer bias and a trade\u2010off between effort and accuracy. Here, we use a landmark\u2010free method based on large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM) to assess the co\u2010variation of size and 3D shape in the mandibles and head capsules of <jats:italic>Atta vollenweideri<\/jats:italic> leaf\u2010cutter ants, a species exhibiting extreme worker size\u2010variation. Body mass varied by more than two orders of magnitude, but a shape atlas created via LDDMM on \u03bc\u2010CT\u2010derived 3D mesh files revealed only two distinct head capsule and mandibles shapes\u2014one for the minims (body mass\u2009&lt;\u20091\u2009mg) and one for all other workers. We discuss the functional significance of the identified 3D shape variation, and its implications for the evolution of extreme polymorphism in <jats:italic>Atta<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T04:55:46Z","timestamp":1713329746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Large deformation diffeomorphic mapping of <scp>3D<\/scp> shape variation reveals two distinct mandible and head capsule morphs in <i>Atta vollenweideri<\/i> leaf\u2010cutter worker ants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4977-0404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Imirzian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"P\u00fcffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Roces","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Physiology and Sociobiology Biocenter, University of W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Labonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00040\u2010010\u20100117\u2010y"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"A field comes of age: Geometric morphometrics in the 21st century","volume":"24","author":"Adams D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"ParaView: An end\u2010user tool for large data visualization. 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